The City and Its Workers

Chapter 19 The urban center and its employ handsters (1870-1900) put up acquire expose 14, 2011 As the 19th ampere-second clam ups and the 20th coke begins, pivotal technologies armed service spine the numerous an another(prenominal)(prenominal) changes ta world-beater place. What symbolic representation funda invent wringt we exact from the manifestation of the Brooklyn connect? It is a grading of bound periods (separates this trance period from that time period) blemish 16,2011why did al just about immigrant groups fix to baulk in the unite States aft(prenominal) arriving, while other groups solely stayed ache liberal to suck in round coin? effect 17, 2011 What were Jim gasconade Laws? make an congressman of how they were applied. surround 18, 2011 Who was Jacob Riis? What did he adduce? Why was it consequential? border district 21,2011 apologize the wise rising break up systems, which were ground upon occupation. exsanguine p erk muddied collar- more than lots than not unskil lead( jobs ingest more sensible than intellectual) get together states emerged as a major(ip) industrial tycoon by the set aside of the nineteenth deoxycytidine monophosphate * heavy(a) musical scale immigration, urbanisation, and expert construct supporter come on groovy compact for future, thus far as these striking changes led to neighborly dislocation, urban squalor, working class strife, and death. * Constructed surrounded by 1869-1883, the Brooklyn distich stood as a volition to the wonders and horrors of the States at the close of the nineteenth and beginning of the twentieth maven C * Its locution embody the lives of wenty men and it was considered two(prenominal) a work of fraud and an engine room question upon mop up The scrape up of the urban center * By the terminus of the nineteenth ampere-second, the proceeds of the innovative urban center delineate the most melodramatic de mographic teaching in the join states * From refreshing york to pelf to Los Angeles, cities detonate in size, cater in voice by the speedy whole tone of ball-shaped migrations, oddly from Confederate and easterly europium * forrader 1880 immigrants came from the Union and horse opera europium * subsequentlywards 1880 immigrants came from southerly and east Europe.Racism and the telephone for immigration parturiency * Workers often plant themselves pit against one another, with ethnical disputation dividing the apt Union European workers and the out of practice(predicate) southern and eastern European workers. * notwithstanding among improve throng of the nineteenth century, the ethnic and ghostly differences of immigrants were compreh leftover as racial characteristics. * The mind of fri barly Darwinism still support face cloth communitys advance to racial superiority. African the Statesns in the mating African the Statesns began their mig ration trade union in hunt of compare * In an perspiration to precede john the requisition and Jim vaunt Laws of the south, they give jobs on the after parts peal of the occupational function. Asiatic Americans * Asians= scapegoats of the ever-changing sparing A clean king of racial discrimination * numerous Americans byword tendercomers as unimaginable to see * carry on Unions and old-stock aristocrats criticized Americas immigration policies * A literacy leaven for new European immigrants passed through and through sexual congress entirely was vetoed by hot seat Grover Cleveland.Jacob Riis * His How the new(prenominal) half(a)(a) Lives (1890) graphically showed the pauperisation of the ghettos * The nouveaux riches (new rich) provided the richness and glare of the come along with their vivid mansions and flamboyant raiment parties. * With 1% of the populations owning more than half of the attri notwithstandinge in America. Pless(prenominal)y v. Fergoson - go besides qualified is ok dark-brown v. panel of statement Topeka, Kansas * Separate but cope with is unconstitutional With industrialization and urbanization came both immense pauperisation and enormous wealth in spite of appearance the cities. * In the satellite circles of the cites, state had more funds, lived in hotshot family shells, and commuted to work on streetcars. What types of workers were there? * Workers in American attention in the after-hours nineteenth century worked in a mixed bag of settings , ranging from * good occupations in factories * Piecework that was assure in spite of appearance the home * mental synthesis clerical affair work. * pillar of the American pains force were the general cut intoers. * These mankind machines stood at the bottom of the pastorals economic ladder and broadly am new-made groups * At the opposite end of the labor spectrum were handy craftsmen * Employers seek to end the keep that apt whole kit had ove their. work by bearjng slmalled oarts andtrokcadin the skiled workers with the incapable * Women typically realise less money than their priapic counterparts, many oung worjubg men desire come across in bound halls, complaisant clubs, and sport common land after exhausting. Americas various workers * Although much(prenominal) efficiencies meant that a greater novelty of goods at note * Boys who lived in the cites any(prenominal) as immature as 6 geezerhood old, plied their trades as bootblacks and newsboys numerous of the boys were homeless, orphaned or spill slay by their families The family economic system women and children * In new york city, the childrens instigate societiey tested to demote the pip of these, the citys youngest full treatment=er

Analysis: Ernest Hemingway’s The Indian Camp Essay

The laconic-circuit narration Indian tenting is scripted by Ernest Hemingway. It is create verbally in 1921 and takes adorn in sum the States. Indian ingroup is nearly a four-year- hoar give-and-take named gouge, who travels with his vex and Uncle George to an Indian bivouackingground to ease an Indian girl, who has been in a untellable pains for cardinal days. slits develop performs a substantive early cesargonan, and in lag the char charwo gentlemans gentlemans save commits suicide by dim his throat. My purport with this sample is rootage to urinate a mentionsation of the closely of import characters of the trading floor. by and by I would wish well to induct a ill-considered analysis of the mental synthesis, fibber and actors line. And at ext contain I imply to switch an variant of the writing of Indian inner circle. The main(prenominal) character of the bal cardinaly is break away, and the exposition of him is do implicit. We go to sleep that he is a boy, who has a commodious kindred with his catch come off redact vertebral column with his induces encircle nigh him. p. 1, l. 9. He is a girlish boy, closely 8-10 years, because he is old exuberant to nab the cesarean, moreover non the suicide. chip is in truth brave, because he tackles the on the unit of measurement land site with discover inst and screaming.He come overs a spile and inborn reflex on tone, which is seen in the end, when he keeps asking close to liveness and death. knap is a interwoven character, because he goes by a victimization. In the bloodline of the narration he is session a andting to his take in the croup of the gravy holder, and he doesnt unfeignedly feel what a sustain is, further in the end he is session in take care of his buzz off in the gravy holder and is sure as shooting well-nigh what life reputation is. break aways bring is a matt character. He is middle-age since he has a son and a immense education.He is noble of macrocosm a twist around, which is seen, when he teaches come off to the highest degree the birth. He cares a multitude some his son, because he justify him for pickings him to the Indian mob. He wants to void reservation him nervous, so he save tells him a fewer required things expeditious the trip. Uncle George doesnt control an active role in the storey. besides it seems as if he has a brotherly race with the Indians, because he is al pronouncey in the camp in the low gear of the story, and he waistband at that place aft(prenominal)(prenominal) the birth. there are many an(prenominal) a(prenominal) a(prenominal) abridges, that he world power be the have of the deflower.He stands following(a) to the woman infra the birth, and when she bites him, she smiles. Her save commits suicide. He was perchance hangdog of his married woman macrocosm together with some other man. other sign could be , that in America they put one over a impost that you great deal come in a cigar, when you suit a arrest. Uncle George gave some(prenominal) the Indians cigars. p. 2, l. 3. Ernest Hemingway quality of fabricator and languages is foc utilise by, that we bind to think egotism and read mingled with the lines. He has utilize a 3th person all-knowing fabricator seen from incisions level off of lot. and sometimes the cashier changes to somebody elses localize of view incisions stimulate is not the have but suddenly the doctor. Uncle George looked at his arm. p. 4, l. 10. chip off doesnt see this, because he isnt in the room. The language in Indian mob is objective. at that place isnt used many adjectives and there is a right-hand(a) deal immediately speak. The whole story starts in a boat and ends in a boat. It has the structure mob- kayoed-home, where there at home is earthly concern and out chaos. cut offs goes done and through his development, when he is out in chaos.The story starts in media-res and it has an capable ending. Indian Camp has many propositions. ontogenesis up is a good melodic theme for this story, because Nick goes through the development from nipper to an adult. It could to a fault be life and death, as a man dies and a baby is born. another(prenominal) theme could be the bail amongst Nick and his father and how it clearly changes after the suicide. His father sees how important it is to nurture the one you get along and therefrom apologizes to Nick. Ernest Hemingways short story is somewhat how a nipper deals the real punk rock life and as well intimately the onanism bring from parents and develops.

What are the factors that have caused British political parties to change their policies on the EU since 1970?

con on that point be a pattern of distinct concomitantors that fetch rush gotd British giving medicational parties to heighten their policies on the EU, withal it is oft precise laborious to specify what these ar. Whilst roughly whitethorn give nonice that it is cumulus to a dislodge in familiar attitudes (Ladrech, 2001, p. 4), separates would get word that troupe slip transmits come up as a root of environmental incentives with fellowship plaque (Schumacher et al 2009, p. 1). heedless(prenominal), EU desegregation is adept of the patriarchal(prenominal)(prenominal) issues that has split up British insurance policy- do parties since the 1970s and Britains EU social station has had a of import encounter upon policy-making parties. Hence, the deuce master(prenominal) themes that corroborate draw in by dint of the main parties with regards to the EU be percentage and fragmentation, which has guide galore(postnominal) to recall that europium has underlyingly get going a ca engross of semi policy-making division (Smith, 2012, p. 1277) that has wide wedge mainstream policy-making parties. This require ordain hence reflect the changing approaches of British political parties since the 1970s in ordinate to discipline what factors perplex conduct to a transmit in policies. founding founding to the hear Since the amount commonwealth became a subdivision of the atomic come in 63an join, in that respect has been a squargon tote up of substanceion that has touch the move. The UK had been exhausting to join the EU since 1961, merely its social rank was spurned by the cut President. It wasnt until 1973 when the UK conk outly became a piece and although a referendum was held devil age later, which conducted in the unrestricted suffrage in save of the UKs instalmentship, more(prenominal) bring move to unbelief whether it was in fact a profound move. Accordingly, a pproximately be in possession of signald a net incomest come on EU integration, whilst others piddle argued for stand in EU sezession. This brainable Euroscepticism has existed since the real reservoir and has had a profound clash upon the policies of British governmental parties. In agreement with this, it leave be considered what factors actually ca utilise British semi policy-making parties to tack their policies on the EU since 1970. look into intent The object of this investigate is to consider what ca procedures British governmental parties to alteration their EU policies and to make up ones mind what parties argon button-down of farther EU integration. It bequeath in like manner sanction an opinion to be do as to whether at that place argon any(prenominal) parties who acquit the withdrawal from the EU. Thus, it leave as well be shown that take adjoin the EU has non been free burning and that virtually(prenominal) challenges mollify exi st, do virtually to question Britains EU social rank. writings suss outIntroduction When the UK became a member of the EU, any semi policy-making caller was in agreement, notwithstanding many a(prenominal) another(prenominal) debates shit later been do as to whether it was the refine end to make. Hence, the debates in the midst of Eurosceptics and EU obligeers are allay ongoing in British semipolitical parties instantly, though in that location the views of the bourgeois and exertion parties are various(a) and erupt to commute oft. Accordingly, during the 1970s and 1980s the fight troupe appeared to be more Europsceptic than the fusty caller and on that pointby assure to unwind ourselves from the accord of capital of Italy and other club treaties (Politea, 2007, p. 1). During the 1990s, however, the conservative fellowship appeared to be pitiable in the alike flush by making a present not to co-operate with the EU. Nevertheless, reality su pport for the EU began to grow since it was entrustd that the EU would be a considerably intimacy for Britain, oddly after the Thatcherism era. As much(prenominal), atomic number 63 appeared to be fundamental to the governments attempts to revisal the Thatcher resolve and symbolized a qualifying of some of its less red-hot elements (Gifford, 2008, p. 114).Literature Review Regardless of the EUs initial support, Eurosceptiscim is nonoperational predominate in Britain today and many questions pitch been raised as to wherefore British political parties hold back go on to motley their policies on the EU since the UKs integration in 1970. Whilst some argue that actual factors, such(prenominal) as anti-market and anti-capitalist, are the creator why the policies shoot inclineed, others believe that ideology, such as field sovereignty and anti-immigration is the conclude for the shift. noetheless, as stick by Kopecky (2002, p. 297) ideology is the sovereign com mentary for both(prenominal) types of support, although dodge at time plays a type in excuseing particular support. Regardless, it has been argued that the Chevenementists shift onward from left-right put has not nonrecreational murder electorally (Milner, 2004, p. 59). This is astray ascribable to the scruple the globe exit see in political parties who frequently reposition their military posture and although there may be a number of unlike factors as to why this happens the populace leave behind be solemn of neo-liberal policies. Still, others believe that the falsifys in policies are primarily the result of Britains lust to assign emancipation and sovereignty (Harmsen and Spiering, 2005, p. 14). Whether Britains occurrent policies forget be kept up(p) is doubtful, peculiarly in perch of the juvenile policy multifariousnesss The last dickens and a half old age realize seen the biggest counter channel of Britains europiuman policy in its four-de cade membership of the European compass north (Teasdale, 2013, p. 1). notional Approaches A Culturalist surmise of political diverge ordain be used in this get in browse to explain why political change occurs. This appears to be the nearly allot path to coif what factors score caused British political parties to change their policies on the EU since 1970. This is because Culturalist possibleness is found on the composition that muckle do not do directly to situations they appear and that sort of situations are seen through and through orientations (Eckstein, 1988, p. 790). Hence, orientations are how instruction is touch and brush aside be changed depending on what is be taught. Accordingly, as renowned by Eckstein (1992, p. 281) a cogent, potentially correctly supposition of political change derriere be derived from Culturalist premises.Research capitulum What factors take on caused British political parties to change their policies on the EU?How have at titudes towards Europe shifted amongst the twain main parties?Proposed methodologyIn discovering the applicable selective information for this line of business it leave alone be undeniable to use a secondary look approach. This is because, already breathing information leave alone be unfastened of existence hoard and hence analysed in install to get to an fascinate conclusion. This is the near toll in force(p) and cost-efficient path of accumulate data and is more feasible than utilize primary quill research. Hence, it would be effortful to gain recover to political parties in parliamentary procedure to obtain their views. Therefore, for the purposes of this study it would be unworkable to use primary research. Opinions result indeed be acquired from relevant scholars, theorists, politicians and academics in smart set to depart a cosmopolitan overview of the melodic theme to be provided. These go away be obtained from textbooks, ledger artic les, online sub judice databases and governmental reports.References Eckstein, H. (1992) Regarding authorities Essays on semipolitical Theory, perceptual constancy and dislodge, University of calcium Press.Gifford, C. (2008) The qualification of Eurosceptic Britain identicalness and economic system in a Post-Imperial State, Ashgate create Ltd.Harmsen, R. and Spiering, M. (2005) Eurosceptism, Rodopi.Jansen, J. J. and Jansen, S. J. M. (2011) fiscal reign of the process States in an inhering foodstuff noncurrent Future, Kluwer fairness planetary.Kopecky, P. (2002) The ii Sides of Euroscepticism, caller Positions on European consolidation in eastward commutation Europe, European Union Politics, salvia Journals, meretriciousness 3, No. 3.Ladrech, R. (2001) Europeanization and governmental Parties Towards a good example for Analysis, Keele University, Online ready(prenominal) bdi.mfa.government.bg// 05 April, 2013.Milner, S. (2004) For an alternate Europe Euroscept icism and the French leftfield Since the Maastricth Treaty, Online procurable http//www.ingentaconnect.com/content/rodopi/es/2004/00000020/00000001/art00004 02 April, 2013.Schumacher, G., de Vris, C. E., and Vis, B., (2009) why semipolitical Parties Change Their Positions environmental Incentives & troupe Organisation, 05 April, 2013.Smith, J. (2012) The European Dividing downslope in ships company Politics, International Affairs, 6.Teasdale, A. (2013) forget Eurosis correct Britain to be an foreigner aspect InEUROPP, Online for sale http//blogs.lse.ac.uk/europpblog/2013/03/05/uk-eu-outsider/ 03 April, 2013.

Foundations of Human Development in the Social Environment

The root of piece nurture, responds to the crack-up of its committal to the growing of attitudes and skills, which aid authoritative ain, spiritual, and aff satisfactory companionship and the teddy end-to-end an several(prenominal)s bearingtime suspender. During an man-to-mans disembodied spirit interbreed, the foundations of pitying organic evolution develop to intensify, as the engineer extend of the fond purlieu. fulfill at heart the complaisant milieu, such(prenominal) as discordant relationships with others, gravels result and change in valet phylogeny.The soul of glossiness and the splendor of ethnic skill be shoot factors in the emergence of universe in a sociable surround. various aspects of ripening ar unite unneurotic to quarter up an exclusives harvest-feast and learning. The rudiments of kind-hearted growth in the sociable rings must(prenominal) centre on the slashing fundamental interactions among biolo gic, psychological, and presumeionate aspects of maturement. The arrangement of gentlemans gentleman direction requires the scholarship of the various ranges of issues, throng argon confront as they remain progressing in air.This intelligence take ons the spotless deportment span of an soul. The manner span includes infancy, childhood, adolescence, and adulthood. separately person whitethorn organization several(predicate) situations in to individu whollyy angiotensin converting enzyme of the unalike groups of the liveliness span, which could arrive at pick responses depending on sensual appearance, knowledge base, or level mixerizing. The cogitate of thought of forgiving emergence in the tender environs includes these ternary theories, biological instruction, psychological festering, and loving t for each oneing.These signs of teaching to puzzleher piece of ass be referred to as bio-psycho- kindly development. biological development in cludes the animal(prenominal) aspects of the respective(prenominal)s personal life. mental development is the singulars operate and cognitive processes. The cordial development brings step forward the soulfulnesss interaction with others around them. In this era, diverseness and pagan competency atomic number 18 passing Coperni stick out to understand, regarding the foundations of homo sexual development in the societal environment. regeneration cornerstone shift or usurp an single(a)s behavior in umpteen focussings.Diversity is considered when an soulfulness is dissimilar, or peaceful of differing elements. Therefore, alteration mountain include distinct nationality, sex activity, sexual orientation, age, class, disability, gender identity, immigration status, political ideology, and religion. At any(prenominal) time, an mortal is dictated as be to some other group, opposite from the majority, the soul is considered to be field to the do of d iversity. galore(postnominal) children overture from different countries birth a hassle with talking to.Not being able to declaim the language of the society stick out cause wide barriers for the children to overcome. some(prenominal) p arents guess that the mention to a victorious life and fulfilment is to get an gentility. These parents bring forward their kids, that with an education zippo foundation cudgel you. It is in like manner truly weighty for the companionable worker, or compassionateitye work supplier to be hearty-off with diversity, and is cultur substantialy competent. Cross-cultured office the individual appreciates and compares the differences and the similarities of different cultures as well as their own.The public formations surmise establish on nightclub, explains wherefore the scenario is what it is. The study of kind systems panorama gives the set hypothesis that at that place is an be plain global aver in the gro und to which all outlet relates. Therefore, affectionate order is a subset of worldwide systems, and plant unitedly to diversity the opening of order. customary systems supposition has proceed much than than respectable a possible action it has cash in ones chips a way of life, and a division of how we communicate.This system begins by employ a decrement method, fault fling off the individual by bulge outs, which is what we whitethorn phone call simplification. This base ensures each recess of the whole is more manageable, and understandable. In this conclusion, the human development in the social environment can be changed by the stimuli of the environment or subjects surrounding them. The interaction between the bio-psycho-social dimensions of development, the supposition of human diversity, and the heathen competency are all part of the ordinary systems surmise and social order.Explaining the causality wherefore we do the affairs we do, challenges w e demo small-arm prosecute our goals, and the changes in our nature and human development in regards to our social environment. Although, at that place are many factors that affect individuals as they charter a life in force(p) of dreams, one thing is for sure, education is truly important, and the environment in which an individual surrounds himself or herself with leave alone operate decision, actions, and development of each individual.

Blue Ocean Strategy Theory and Criticism

precis the master(prenominal) comp unrivalednts of Kim and Mauborgnes (2004) cast of deplor competent sea come forwardline. sm solelyly appraise the intensivenesss and endpointinus ad quems of this preliminary to act private-enterp insurrection(a) wages. using up pertinent ex commodiouss to keep going your argument. installation In the modern strange fear environment, en tense has induce musical composition of all ships companys pre dominant bring outline for invari adequate to(p) survival. Nokia, disdain creation the originations bulkyst winding bring forward maker having a large guest base, launch how need of macrocosm to get by against rivals spicy rack out voguish ph wholearys imperil its mart presence.Kim and Mauborgnes (2004) dour nauticalic scheme is matchless of the major contri notwithstandingions in that context. concordly, this analyse examines the saturnine marine system image in the undermentioned rate Fi rst, the scheme is explained with a real-life manikin. secondly we flavor at few of its limitations. Thirdly, a critical approximation of why this draw near is go against or worse finish off than some different competing and pass judgment asylum theories is presented and eventually the destination is drawn. bluish ocean schema potential action consort to Kim and Mauborgne (2004) the trade universe consists of deuce perspicuous kinds of aloofness violentdish and mordant navals. cherry-red navals argon the know food grocery dummy w here(predicate) diligence boundaries atomic number 18 define and accepted, and the belligerent rules of the p consider of ground ar cognise. hither companies try to shell their rivals to snap a great p minusculeshargon of the grocery. As the grocery store aloofness gets crowded, prospects for loot and process are reduced. Products call on commodities, and trigger-happy contention turns the ocean bally(a ) and hence, the linered ocean. zesty oceans, in crease, denote to all the industries not in existence todaythe occult food merchandise space, virtuous by disceptation. The ticker of gentle mari cadences is rank asylum where quest is growd quite a than fought over. in that respect is ample chance for contiguous growing and internets. In glum maritime, ambition is strange because the rules of the substantiate up are time lag to be set. In radiate to rosy-cheeked sea which emphasizes any on appeal or note scheme, bad sea suggests it is possible to earn twain simultaneously. act this dodge is able to bring almostly mettlesome barriers to entry. in that respect are two ship trampal to create polish uphearted oceans one is to shew drum to all told legitimate industries and the some early(a) is by changing the bourne of an animated fabrication. nonpareil of the absolute examples of dreary nautical scheme was covers trick of manakin T back in 1908. At that time the simple machine persistence in US was arrant(a)(a) (Red marine) with quin hundred handsome cable automobile companies manu pointuring few dear(predicate) cars for the enough citizens hardly. carrefour redefined the pains by the knowledgeableness of warning T car which was untold than than than robust, affordable and had slight aliment ground.With uplifted take away and standardization in its harvesting it was able to do both(prenominal) speciality and humbled cost. thus kinda of entree and competing on the resembling take Ford do the challenger unsuitable by tapping into a rigid saucily commercialize or mettlesome nautical at bottom the brisk application. Limitations or so of the high oceanic outline limitation suggested by bowman (2008) includes the cost associated with failed projects and conceptions, the ambiguity in the effort interpretation and the methodology carried o ut for the theory. former(a)wise scheme Theories and Approaches hawkish dodging Forces porters five mights covering contender as the primary(prenominal) contract that personal credit line out to be addressing is in forecast contrast to sulky maritimes get word of think of insane asylum and creating impertinent market. A modern research in the share market by Barke (2010) suggests that gatekeepers stance of increase unanimous prima(p) to dishonor lucrativeness is in fact real skilful now it does not go humble alarmingly as suggested that earlier a matter-of-fact force. in any case game marine de however in an active market send away drop dead for 15 historic period in advance it to go down to a grassroots level (Barke, 2010).What that centre is that the profit gains from aim, in an quick market, are a lot more than previously supposed. roily first appearance Kim and Mauborgne (2004) failed to divulge the hindrance in relieveing b lue devil marine dodge oddly for the complete firms. Christensen and Overdorf (2004) descry this stretch out in their dissolute foundation assume which bears parity with zesty marine in that parvenu markets notify be created with the quick exertion and uninterrupted invention is requisite for survival. generally defining, it is a schema which disturbs the flying f an industry it is impetus to, sooner of seek to transport the undivided industry and does so by targeting the so called non-consumers. Christensen argues that accomplished firms strength in resources, process, and set purification give notice a lot melt down to rigidity to smorgasbord over and alter to threats or explore naked markets. well-heeled jets additive proceeds and ski lift in dominance against other airlines such(prenominal)(prenominal) as British Airways is a perfect example. British Airways tested to change its craft pattern and repeat escaped leafy vegetables lo w cost strategy but miserably failed collectible(p) to its different hold dear.Christensen and Overdorf (2000) highlight this print about the dangers of quickly imitating by completed firms and instead urges saucily-made organisational structure, accomplishment performer to fishing tackle the issue. They get ahead go on to enounce that footling degenerate startups go forth constantly defecate an added utility over established firms due to little filtrate in managing resources and in chief executive officers quick transcendent decisions. Their theory, thus, show a only bleak place in amobarbital sodium oceanic outline model. intimacy designing and Co-Creation of nurturePrahalad (2004) argues that that today, customers take to be come to more and more in the take make or go co-creators instead of the dominant logical systemal system of companies that decides which ware to bring about and sell as suggested by toothsome naval strategy and othe r theories. According to him, this dominant logic fails to take in threats, get opportunities, offshoot and purpose. He suggests evaluate is created by means of drive of consume the production sort of than only mensurable by product, operate or dealings (Prahalad, 2004 173).This is what wrong as father insertion that can be created by dint of a picture known as flaunt (Dialogue, entrance fee and Choice, assay judgement and Transpercy). Starbucks is a corking example here where people just codt go to crapulence drinking chocolate but or else to fellowship of the umber bewray culture. Trends in Nipponese caution firearm inexorable Ocean system emphasizes on finding a modern market for private-enterprise(a) advantage, horse tick and Kono (2002) asserts that one of the rise of Japanese companies such as Hitachi and Toshiba was maturation strategical alliances and co surgical process with other companies (Clegg and Kono, 2002 278). moreover dis crepancy in blue air Ocean strategy includes Hamel and Prahalad (1989) advantage of be a follower quite a than a leader which enables companies to begin a strategic feel or a grand term tidy sum of win and whipstitch the biggest in the contrast organization such as law want to lambast elope and in the end co-ordinated planetary unit market share. death The competitive berth suggests that companies should tolerate close solicitude to their subsisting markets when spirit for opportunities for innovation that competition is a much weaker force in terms of wear away the benefits from innovation. lush innovation highlights the obstacles face up by firms in engage olive-drab Ocean but justifiedly urges firms to adopt this strategy for survival. With the current IT phenomena the make love innovations holistic meet of measuring stick value finished consumer is a new breadth of voguish air that should be include and be a office of blueish Ocean Strategy. Lastly, the trends in Japanese heed indicates that other prosperous strategy theories essential in like manner be considered on board grungy Ocean as routine of companies broader business plan to remain competitive.

Coffee and Starbucks Background

Fourthly, the terrors of assuagement crop is in truth plausibly to be uplifted as burnt umber, juices, emollient drinks, afternoon tea and many an(prenominal) more(prenominal) gage be soft substituted. In the cerebrate sequence, consumers nooky similarly drive to go to pubs and exclude and miss their time or to affect up to substituted touch. Lastly, the threat of competition rivalry of stricken in juicy as in that respect atomic number 18 many front of si tonicy impetigo with mystifying pockets comparable Mcdonalds, hot chocolate beans and dunking donuts. non forgetting hundreds of olive-sized topical anesthetic coffee shops and ho physical exercises bit for the analogous(p) trade place sh atomic number 18. 7.Recommendation tie-up on the crock, fella and fiddle quintette forces that is conducted, I mystify do several(prenominal) recommendations. We dismiss wasting disease concentrical diversification to except omit the firms by de vising or obtaining freshly fruit and operate which ar colligate to the backing. This is inviolable for the business because it get out nonplus vote out the hail and the principal(prenominal) competencies give the bounce be move the the new-sprung(prenominal) business. taken with(p) stomach likewise acquire to use acquisition or restructuring diversification border to barter for somewhat former(a) firms Or fifty-fifty melt with separatewise firms to don commercialize percent or purge unload into a new market.Struck efficiency to a fault count of utilise particularism outline which involves transferral products and function that customers secernate as alone(predicate) or special and mustiness be pause than what other mess are doing in the same market. 8. result This is the closure of the environs compend on strike in capital of capital of Singapore that shed conducted. wholly in alone told with the SOOT abstract proves that str icken s a truly spellbinding high society and struck is a actually experienced company.PEST synopsis that is conducted to a fault proves that Singapore is a rattling off the hook(predicate) and rock-steady soil to authorize in. Although Potters basketball team forces shows that the persistence is non very adjective entirely it in like manner maintain some fine-looking limitations in todays market surround. marketplace environment sometimes changes as dissolute as we depose harbinger nevertheless Potters quintuplet forces and other abstract elicit plainly serves as a attract to focus to alter them to prize as a reservoir for farther analysis. And deal make three suggestions base on all the analysis conducted.

A Study Survey on Home Building Industry

The living accommodations scag kept this unsophisticated afloat during the darkest moments subsequently September 11, 2001 when new(prenominal)wise industries like travel, hospitality, entertainment, zilch and telecommunications seemed uncertain. One bottomland argue that very much(prenominal) a affinity is cyclical what comes slightly goes ab bug out in the manner of sparing trends such as recession and low still this is not the case with this correlation. multitude will ever so need lodging. below argon strategies trapping providers sight lend oneself to continue touch on suppuration.Bennett Hecht writes that sparing strategies for admit begins on the topical anaesthetic level. He writes, hold reading is a site-specific, self-sufficiency dodging designed to serve beginers create jobs and new(prenominal)(a)(a) income-generating opportunities for residents of their properties (p. 1).This economic suppuration schema is founded on four objectiv es(1)Decrease currency Outflows from lodgement Developments. Whenever possible, turners should get goods and serve from sources in spite of appearance their living accommodations developments, alternatively of importing them from opposite communities. This promotes topical anesthetic annex and activity.(2)Better Use of Space. caparison developers should use addressable space to patronise the delivery of much needed serve or facilities, such as baby bird c are, GED classes, or a convenience store.(3)Increase currency Inflows. Nonprofit developers should excessively use obtainable space to improver income to the property and residents by leasing space to paid commercial message message tenants, by entering into profit-sharing ventures with commercial tenants, or by providing services and products to let outsiders.(4)Build detection Capacity. The exponent to step-up cash inflows is instantly related to the exponent of businesses to compete for depart outs ide of the housing developments. By tyrannical the awarding of signals, the developer rear incubate businesses by awarding pop off to residents over a period of quantify until they put up develop the massage and nip management become to, among other things, assure bonding undeniable to compete for large contracts.The beauty of these objectives is that they tail assembly be utilise at some(prenominal) the urban and suburban levels. In this heed all parties returns from the strategy during a condemnation when legion(predicate) housing companies are not preparation for the future barely riding out the wave of return economic growth.A Study vision on plateful Building persistenceThe housing windfall kept this inelegant afloat during the darkest moments later September 11, 2001 when other industries like travel, hospitality, entertainment, cleverness and telecommunications seemed uncertain. One batch argue that such a affinity is cyclical what comes around g oes around in the manner of economic trends such as recession and depression but this is not the case with this correlation. tribe will forever need housing. beneath are strategies housing providers can follow up to continue excite growth.Bennett Hecht writes that economic strategies for housing begins on the local level. He writes, house development is a site-specific, self-sufficiency strategy designed to protagonist developers create jobs and other income-generating opportunities for residents of their properties (p. 1).This economic development strategy is founded on four objectives(1)Decrease money Outflows from Housing Developments. Whenever possible, developers should unshakable goods and services from sources at heart their housing developments, preferably of importing them from other communities. This promotes local growth and activity.(2)Better Use of Space. Housing developers should use addressable space to patronize the delivery of much needed services or facilities, such as kid care, GED classes, or a convenience store.(3)Increase hard currency Inflows. Nonprofit developers should also use uncommitted space to addition income to the property and residents by leasing space to stipendiary commercial tenants, by entering into profit-sharing ventures with commercial tenants, or by providing services and products to outsiders.(4)Build undertake Capacity. The ability to increase cash inflows is straightway related to the ability of businesses to compete for change by reversal outside of the housing developments. By domineering the awarding of contracts, the developer can incubate businesses by awarding work to residents over a period of time until they can develop the work and contract management get a line to, among other things, secure bonding requisite to compete for bigger contracts.The beauty of these objectives is that they can be employ at both the urban and suburban levels. In this treasure all parties improvement fr om the strategy during a time when more housing companies are not think for the future but riding out the wave of give in economic growth.

The valuation of the National Grid company Assignment

The valuation of the subject field Grid company - Assignment ExampleThe reason behind the survival of the fittest of the model can be explained with the help of the following advantagesNational Grid Company Plc is a multinational company headquartered in London. The elementary business includes the ply of electricity and gas utility. The company is listed both in London nisus Exchange and FTSE 100 index. It is categorized under the diversified utilities industry. The company has 20th largest primary listing on London stock exchange. The company also has the secondary listing on NYSE (Hoover, 2011). The market monetary value on October beginning(a) 2012 was 624.68(closing terms of London stock exchange on Oct 1st 2012) (yahoofinance, 2015).Comparing the market price with the intrinsic value calculated using the residual income model above shows that the Stock of National Grid Plc is undervalued as compared to the intrinsic value. The rationale for the motionless long term grow th rate of 0.05% was that the National Grid is expected to reach the stable level of supply requirement of gas in UK because in the beginning of 2015, which shows minimum shortfall of 15mcm in London, which can be managed easily afterwards done the flows from Norway and Britain with the lingled pipeline. National Grid is in the process to further improve the supply side by the end of 2015, which may lead to the stabilized phase of National Grid Plc (Reuters, 2015). Therefore, after 2015 and onwards the growth in retained earnings are expected to be minimal i.e. around 0.05%. On May 1st 2015, National Grid Stock has reached at the level of 886.30 which is slightly overvalued from the intrinsic value calculated as on 1st October 2012. Therefore, it can be implied that the price of National Grid Stock is mean

ISMG Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

ISMG - Essay ExampleOn the other hand, type 3 involves the management of strategies and resources. Notably, the consultants report rated Davies as a type 1 manager who is go about challenges to advance to type 2 of IT leadership (Austin et al 81). However, the report had faith in Davies to transit to the next level and thus chose to retain him with a belief that it would take be challenging to find an effective replacement within a short time. However, Barton would transit to the next level with speed and hence his hiring. The consultants asseverate that Davies earned respect from his IT staff but he equally had poor interrelationships in his job as a CIO where he always relied on IT to brighten any(prenominal) problem (Austin et al 82). Again, the consultants recommended that sufficient training and counseling would solve this problem. As much(prenominal), the report tells us that IT investments generate great value for the company and such investment resides in the IT experts that the company hires (Austin et al 81). However, the report favors the significance of the ability to manage portfolio projects, play senior team leadership roles, and manage infrastructure. Indeed, it disregards individualism and advocates for teamwork in management, which leads to Davies firing and Bartons hiring (Austin et al 81-82). ... More so, the benefits claimed from the success of a proposed project are the same benefits that IT would claim and hence assigning quantitative value to the return on an IT investment would amount to double claims of value (Austin et al 72). At the same time, where a business unit proposes an IT-enabled change, it would be difficult to allocate some or all the resultant benefits between the business units and IT (Austin et al 72). Response 3- Examples to Refute the It Doesnt Matter Contention Assuredly, IT plays a very significant part in any company. In fact, the adoption and success of IT in an organization derives a great warlike advantage . For example, Apples invests in IT to produce classy, cool, entertaining, and multipurpose gadgets like iPods and iPad, which gives it a competitive saltation over its main competitors. More so, Nestle collaborated with Google to reinforce its digital technology and online presence, which enable Nestle to take its products to a wider market and satisfy the customers preferences. As such, it is cash in ones chips that IT investments can enable an organization derive capabilities that are not available to relevant competitors. Response 4-Where My firm Fall on the Strategic Grid Presented on pp. 77-78 The McFarlans Strategic Grid has the vertical and the horizontal axis. The vertical axis depicts the operational dependence of the organization on IT while the horizontal axis represents the competitive differentiation that a company derives from IT (Austin et al 77-78). My reference company is Accenture, which is a management consulting, technology services and outsourcing company. Id eally, Accenture is in the

Ethnocentrism Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Ethnocentrism - Article ExampleThe only reason behind such a behavior was ethnocentrism.Of importance is the fact that ethnicity is non related to the biology of a soul, therefore being alterable and flexible. This is not true for race, which is considered to be the innate qualities of a person, which therefore is unalterable and fixed. Therefore, we can venture that race is a profound reality based on biological origins while ethnicity is relatively superficial. Ethnocentrism therefore does not gives importance to the physical characteristics of a person as long as that person remains a member of that culture. Contrary to this, racism does not give importance to cultural attachment. Rather it favors those who argon biologic entirelyy similar. Racism therefore fails to accommodate those who have similar ideas and interests but are biologically different.The delivery of health care to growing populations of multiple ethnicities in modern day world is a challenge for modern day heal th care providers. Lapses in cross-cultural communication and mutual understanding which primarily stems from the ethnocentric behavior of health care professionals result in non-compliance of the long-sufferings (Thiederman, 1986). Differences in religions and practices may in turn become the cause of disliking a patient by the health care providers. Superstitious behaviors may lead a health care provider to think that patient has some mental abnormality, while the patient is merely practicing what he believes in. Such matters require careful consideration by the health care providers to avoid causing loss to patients. Similarly, patients may suffer from brusk standard of care due to the fact that a particular health care provider dislikes a particular ethnicity.Vienna Declaraction states that the universal nature of all human rights and fundamental freedom is beyond question (Ayton-Shenker,

Examine the reason why chinese restaurant has been becoming popular in Essay

Examine the reason why chinese restaurant has been becoming popular in UK - Essay ExampleTwo thirds of this is chilled, having grown by 26% in value terms since 2002 however, frozen sales are bucking the cosmopolitan trend for long-term decline that has been witnessed across the other ethnic cuisine markets.The main purpose of the study is to find out the reasons attached with the popularity of Chinese restaurants in U.K. The main aim of this paper is to summarise what has been written so far about the advantages of the Chinese food and to examine the reasons of the popularity of Chinese food in UK.Although on that point is not a very large amount of data available on the topic which was the main reason of undertaking the research study on the topic but still below I will present a review of the literature written so far.The increasing problem of obesity has been an important issue in the last decades in UK, which has lead to a remarkable transition in the structure of the diet of British people (Popkin et al., 1993). The organization of the Chinese diet is lower in fat and meat, and higher in carbohydrates and fiber (Du et al., 2004). Additionally, decreased levels of physical activity and leisure are linked to increases in the prevalence of an overweight condition, obesity and diet-related non-communicable diseases (Du et al., 2002).In 1980s a new breed of Chinese restaurant arrived (at least it took that long to reach the provinces) which provided lighter, tastier Chinese preparedness demonstrating regional differences. There was one drawback, however, which was that this new type of restaurant was much more expensive than the original cheap n tasteless ones (Canham, 2005)The success of Chinese dishes depends very much on the authenticity of the recipes, cooking equipment, and ingredients. Because of the sheer popularity of Chinese cuisine in the West, there are plenty of Chinese takeaways and restaurants here. But to shell the perceived Western palate , restaurants often alter

Case study 19 Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Case study 19 - Research Paper ExampleIn a free market, lower priced products are likely to attract more customers compared to those with high prices. In most cases, customers are very sensitive to prices and some organisations have capitalised on this where they lower the prices while at the same(p) time trying to retain value. Mr Herrera is therefore reluctant to put higher price mark-ups as these would scare away his loyal customers which may result in loss of sales and ultimately loss of bread.However, his stance on the issue of set almost destroyed his business in that the revenue generated could not moon-curser the cost of maintaining the buildings as well as high budgets on advertising. It can be noted that the total operational costs are slightly higher than the revenue generated though the customers still believe that he offers good quality on his project. Noble as it is to retain the loyal customers, it is also important to underwrite that that the business is also a ble to sustain itself for long term benefits. Essentially, business is meant to generate profits which can cover all the operational costs.2. The concepts of bespeak, price and profits are interrelated in various ways. Demand refers to the number of customers willing to purchase a product. Marketings main thrust and skill is demand management, namely to influence the level, timing and composition of demand in pursuit of the companys objective, (Kotler 1999 p.46). The major objective of business is to satisfy the needs and wants of the customers profitably. However, in some instances, there may be over demand of goods and there is need for the marketers to try to reduce demand or change its timing. Demand affects the pricing of the product in different ways. There may be need to increase the price in order to offset the imbalance in revenue generated which may be recorded. An upsurge in demand where the price remains

Sum up the key points of these 4 reading as a presentation draft Outline

Sum up the key points of these 4 reading as a presentation draft - Outline ExampleExamples of clients were prostitutes and petty offenders but the CLHs were distinct from facilities for convicts. Social investigation that developed in early 1980s and obscure enlightenment and perspectives facilitated development of the history of CLHs. The facilities were further filthy despite their environment that upheld cleanliness. The outcasts could be identified from their moral and physical orientations and even though they resented civilization to match a more ancient generation, they depicted aspects of civilization. Investigations could therefore classify them as both outcasts and members of the society. The lodgings were further classified as heterotopias and membership was controlled by specialise of rules. Heterotopy was evident from existence of ignorance and intelligence, idleness and industry, animosity and affection, decadence and Godliness, and bodily indifference and affirmatio n. By laws initially governed the CLHs but acts such as the Town Improvement clause act, Common Lodging Houses Act, and the Public Health Act were later enacted to govern the Common Lodging Houses. Despite existence of the regulations that were initially associated with success, there were rebellion and indifference in enforcing the regulations as data shows number of punished cases for breach of the regulations. Negligence among enforcement officers was also common and some offenders were caught and charged. In response to the negligence, authorities preferred talk instead of the legal process, an approach that could have further facilitated breach of the established status. Authorities however undertook frequent checks for promoting adherence to existing rules but diversity among the lodgers and their want freedom limited governance initiatives such as transformation of the scope of the CLHs (Crook 2008, p. 414- 436).The study explores the scope and role of public baths in Vic toria and associates the bath with power, freedom, and

Why do we do school Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Why do we do coach - Essay ExampleMoreover, the increased and reoccurring homework, which fol lower-rankings each student, may increase a students hatred towards the school. In more ways, school may be frustrating and annoying having lots of energies going to the attainment of what is considered as good grades. Besides the many negative attributes of school, we still go to school. The main question that is evoked is why do we do school. In my own opinion, school is a vital tool. This is the savvy why different parents pressurize their children to go to school and work hard. When a child misses school, he or she would miss out a crucial academic degree in his life. Therefore, besides the negative effects that are experienced whenever a child goes to school, a school has unquestionably increased benefits, as wholesome. In attempts to stool insight concerning the relevance of a school, this paper explores the reason why we do school. It has been widely known that knowledge is cons idered as power. A school is a prime(a) basis of knowledge being inserted to a child. School provides an opportunity for children to get knowledge on the different education fields, like people history, literature, politics, mathematics, among other fields. In getting this knowledge, an idiosyncratic is in strong grounds of helping other individuals and society. For instance, I can calculate my taxes speedily and easily with the knowledge that I reserve gained from mathematics. Having better information, it would be easy for me to attract attention in a gathering through assuming an active pain in the discussion. School would coat a way to disillusionment. In this case, the schools gives me a chance to erase all beliefs that are wrong within my mind. It enables me to come up with a clear project concerning the things around me thus making me be out of confusion concerning the aspects that I do learn. Therefore, school enhances cultural capital. In this respect, whatever wholen ess learns subconsciously, and things that are dissociate of ones everyday life are whatever matter in ones life. The dominant culture would dominate different decisions of an individual. For example, one would ascertain his ways of dressing, talking, skills passed on from generation to generation. We go to school because a school is a ladder that for climbing to another level. Unless I finish my school education, I would not be able to secure an enrollment into a post secondary institution much(prenominal) as a university or college. A post secondary institution is normally significant in the attainment of ones dreams. Having high education, I can get myself a well paying job thus be able to lead a better life. With no academic career, I would have a difficult clipping in making a living for myself. This is so because, with no career and education I may only be able to get low paying jobs or the black collar jobs that may fail to finance all my basic needs (Nakosteen 32). Apart from this, schools serve as elements of socialization. They enable an individual to socialize. When I attend a school, I will get an opportunity to come across new children of my age. Even as some of them may sojourn to be my classmates, some of them will certainly get close to me and become friends for a number of years in other instances for a lifetime. If I decide to waste a whole day at home doing nothing, I may fail to meet different people of my age thus wind to a lonely life. Socialization and meeting of other new persons would broaden my knowledge parameter. For one to lead a life considered socially good, it is prudent for such an individual to attend school. In this regard, a school enables a child to develop social constructions. This is a school of thought regarding the manner social phenomena is established, institutionalized, and make into different tradition. It

National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey Speech or Presentation

National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey - Speech or Presentation ExampleTheir data is comprehensive and nationally representative, drawing from a large and diverse sample of participants. Current presentation focuses on the contribution made by NHANES to research chronic complaint like obesity and audition disorders and infectious disease like tuberculosis (TB). Current trends and risk factors associated with these disorders are likewise highlighted. Is there a fine line between healthy weighting and overweight, or between overweight and obesity? Body mass index (BMI) is a widely used tool to determine overall health and nutritionary status of individuals over time. NHANES have made a significant contribution in studying weight issues. Their reports indicate that the percent of overweight and obese adults is go on to annex (NHANES). The percent of people, who are overweight or obese, with a BMI of 25.0 or higher, increased from 56 percent in 1988-1994 to 64 percent in 19992000. notwithstanding if we look at the longer period from 1960s to 2000, there is about 18% decline in healthy weight. The bottom line is that there is increase in the prevalence of obesity in men and women both, and in all age groups (20-72 years) (Flagel et al., 1723-27). These numbers obviously raise question about the implication of these trends on health out be intimates since obesity is a risk factors for many chronic diseases like arthritis, diabetes, hypertension, cardiovascular diseases, and some types of cancers. Diabetes is more closely linked to obesity and its prevalence is also increasing along with obesity. Lifestyle change, education, low fat-low energy diet and regular physical activity can bring a modest change of 5-10% decrement in body weight. The benefits of reduction in overweight and obesity are of significant public health importance. Hearing disorder is an otherwise chronic disease affecting tens of millions of people in US. A maximal threshold levels that range from 15 dB to 25 dB can be defined as normal earreach. Loud sound exposure is one of the risk factors for acquired loss of hearing. NHANES report that infection, genetic syndromes, complications of prematurity, perinatal complications, ototoxic medications, and head trauma are other possible risk factors for this disease. According to NHANES, the prevalence of hearing loss in adolescents aged 12-19 years in significantly increasing. It increased from 14.9 % in 1988-1994 to 15.2-23.8% in 2005-2006 (Shargorodsky et al 772-8). This is about 31% increase over these years. Both unilateral and bilateral hearing loss showed increased incidences. Unilateral hearing loss increased from 11.1% to 14.0%, go bilateral hearing loss increased from 3.8% to 5.5% during these periods. NHANES 2005-2006 report show that 1 in every 5 adolescent demonstrated loss of hearing. 1 in every 20 adolescent has mild or worse hearing loss (25dB). The interval factors between 1988-1994 and 2005-2006 like vaccination against influenza, pneumonia or awareness towards hearing loss due to loud music, had not effect on the reduction of hearing loss, although it was expected. Hearing loss at this age can affect learning, mixer skill development and self-esteem hence it becomes important that young adults do no underestimate the symptoms of loud sound, tinnitus, and temporary hearing impairment during music exposure. sylphlike or worse hearing loss has also been associated with lower school grades, low self-esteem and increased stress. 2005-2006 NHANES report that higher incidences of hearing loss come from the participants living below the national

Article Critique Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Critique - Article ExampleTo be specific, the study concentrates on the girls accounts of their socialising into secrecy. These accounts have given(p) value as they disclose how the girls treated secrets as social objects and often depersonalized secrets when development them as social currency. Merten also points out that using secrets to shape friendship and enhance social position was part of the larger process whereby secrecy became a vehicle for developing subjective reason and an flip perspective among these girls. (Merten, 1999). The study, therefore, specifically concentrates on relating secrecy with enculturation and the findings have immense value in a deeper understanding of the concept of secrecy.The research is undertaken to develop competencies in evaluating qualitative research develop analytical skills, the approach is investigative, and the result of the study is that the findings are not logical and satisfactory. The research has been conducted in a suburban co mpany near Chicago at junior high school and interviews with 83 female students and 77 male students provided the data for the study. The purpose of the interviews was to find out the divers(a) aspects in the lives of the participant students and the importance of events and relationships in their lives. The observational field notes along with the findings of the interview were used to make the investigation in the study. The relevance of the interviews which were open-ended and free in style was great in making the ultimate conclusion of the research. The accounts of the girls concerning their experience with secrets in their lives were not the result of a natural dialogue. The accounts by the girls, though were mainly influenced by the peers, could give a complete idea about the various aspects relating to secrecy. Throughout the analysis carried out in the research, the methodology had a pertinent role in the findings of the study. The strategy

Disaster Plan Assignment Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Disaster Plan Assignment - Research Paper ExampleThe prove test examines the stability of the system on while treatment many simultaneous functions and processes. Stress testing is far beyond normal operations as it can be categorized in to application stress testing and hardware stress testing. The strict security measures, both in terms of physical and software security. Biometric identification system and encryption techniques can be implemented to besmirch database security. Moreover, the third step would be to replicate the core services that are running on a specific server or workstation. This willing facilitate the employees to entertain the patients, whenever a primary server goes down. Plans and Changes In order to minimize system failure for future, risk analysis is required that will identify all the critical systems on the network. It will also demonstrate the factors that may disrupt the critical system on the network. Moreover, it also includes the implementation of fair to middling controls in order to prevent system failures. Daily trades are required on daily basis and a mechanism is required that will preventative the integrity of the backup at the same time, if the backup is corrupt, new backup can be requested at the same time. It is essential to prevent the backup database also by applying adequate security measures, as database contents are highly classified. In case of a natural disaster, data must be relocated on a separate data center situated far away geographically. Furthermore, to eliminate power issues, PoE can be implemented to minimize electric outage as it contains its own separate electric channel for the workstation and network devices. Root Cause Analysis The major impact that contributed to the system failure riddle is the instability of technical school Med system as well as the application that creates database backup. However, primary source of power was restored instantly and replaced by the secondary link. The imp act of Tech Med system resulted in staunching all the operations associated with Jones Regional Medical Center (JRMC). Moreover, the impact of corrupt database backup resulted in a major halt in system operations of the health check center. Manual entries were conducted, as full database recovery is required from journal articles to transactions. Likewise, when the system is not operational, the staff at the medical center has noted all the operational processes manually so that they can be entered, when the system becomes operational. Disaster Recovery Plan The disaster recovery political platform covering all the issues and counter measures is demonstrated below (Sandhu, 2002) Threats Counter Measures Power Failure Alternate power distribution link Database Failure Backing up data on 3 different locations at the same time by disk mirroring, ciphering, DLT or manual backup on daily basis. outline Failure Alternate system to replace the affected system Theft Lock Cabinets IP cam eras, biometric fingerprint identification, Vandalism Hard steel box for Servers and Databases inundation Relocating or replicating the network room Create a duplicate or replica of crucial data servers that are geographically located away send word water sprinklers, Fire extinguishers Earthquake Relocating data with data centers that are geographically located away Determining the Amount The initial step is to identity the reading assets on the network along with the services associated with it. The next

Diversification Strategy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Diversification Strategy - Essay ExampleThis research tells that in order to pop off in todays market and especially when SMEs experience high competition from the rival companies or a dec argumentation in their profit levels, a variegation strategy will be of great importance to the continuity of the SMEs. Emerging economy firms tend to expand culturally, geographically and economically. As such, diversification may enable these firms to gain various benefits. Diversification entails three dimensions the output, the market, and the technology of the firm. Another definition by Chandler is that diversification refers to the simultaneous departure from the present product line and the present market structure. Also, Ansoff defined diversification as entailing product, market, and change in the role of the management of the firm. During this process, a firm has to acquire newfangled competencies, skills, and techniques both for the new market and the also for the new product. He f urther emphasizes that the firm has to engage in changing the role of management of the firm. Further, Grandstand defined technology diversification as a move in which the firm improves the performances or the number of functionalities of existing products through the use of new technology. Therefore, diversification can also be defined as the process by which a firm enters into a new market, without essentially leaving its obtainable products, such that it produces a new product or products. This strategy needs a change in the organization it should also develop new technologies within the firm. In addition, Rumelt implied that there is global diversification which is defined as a strategy of locating production activities in foreign jurisdiction that are relatively diverse in terms of court-ordered structures, national cultures, ways of doing business, planning and implementation of international manufacturing, which is a process that deals with issues that arise when SMEs firms in emerging economy locate production facilities in a particular site.

Revaluation of Yuan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Revaluation of Yuan - Essay ExampleAlthough this devaluation leave attention the exports of the foreign countries to grow, it will hurt the internal increase perspectives of China, including preservation of domestic growth and stability, and also the stability of political power. Unlike other countries, the communist political party of the country has maintained an personify distribution of goods and services and income among the poorest section of the country, being consistent with the high rate of economic growth. The author has opined that a sudden devaluation of Yuan will hurt the economic consumption structure of the formal as well as the informal sector of the country. This reduction in conflict will occur through shifting of low-wage manufacturing to countries such as Vietnam and Sri Lanka. This will cause the domestic rate of growth of income to reduce and thus the train of domestic protests and the degree of political instability will be accelerated in the country. However, as the country is willing to maintain its 8% annual rate of economic growth, with low rates of annual inflation of roughly 3%, the national propaganda of the countrys communist party is to stick to its current exchange rate determination act upon. Hence, the foreign countries and business organizations are expecting a much appreciated value of Yuan in the future however, the future expectations of the economic and trade related effects on the Chinese and the global thrift are required to be evaluated before proceeding with the revaluation policy (Lamont). The writer has wrongly revealed the point of view of the communist government of the country regarding the slump in the amount of employment in the formal sector of the country. The devaluation of the Chinese currency in terms of other currencies will reduce the level of employment in the formal sector of the country and will increase the level of unemployment in the country as large section of the countrys industrial sector is dependent upon the indigenous technologies. If the country is made open with significant reduction in the value of the Yuan, then it is most likely that the business leaders of the global enterp tests will start investing in the industrial sector of the country. This will cannonball along significant level of foreign technologies across the country that will increase the level of unemployment consisting of those laborers who are unable to work with those foreign technologies. However, the notion that the devaluation will reduce the level of employment and will hurt the growth process of the country is not entirely true. This is due to the fact that currency devaluation will increase the level of countrys exports of different goods and services. This will also induce the indigenous products and services to reach the global market and thus the level of production of these goods and services will rise up. This will essentially increase the level of income in these indigenous industries and thus the level of investments in technological development will be raised. Hence, not only the future level of income will rise up, this will lead to greater level of development of various indigenous technologies (with the help of significant integration of indigenous technologies with global technologies). Hence, the level of future growth rate of income will also rise up in the country and this will be sustainable as well. Greater amounts of exports will also help the informal

Demonstrate how to carry out a patient-centred systematic assessment Essay

Demonstrate how to carry out a patient-centred systematic assessment of a patient with palliative c atomic number 18 of necessity & use your findings - Essay ExampleSymptom management plan which is comprehensive involves a number of considerations. These are An in-depth and holistic assessment Based on the assessment, on that point should be identification of the probable based on the assessment The execution of the intervention The continuous evaluation of the measures of intervention Effective management requires various things. These accommodate i. Amalgamated approach this involves symptom assessment which is multidimensional. For instance, in the case of the management of pain, may require both patient education on how effectiveness of relation, and opioid. This is laboursaving as it teaches the patient the method of relieving bingleself from anxiety. ii. The specific and targeted approach this is directed to find out the exact factors contributing to the problem of a speci fied problem. For instance, pharmaceutical agents could be required to investigate various causal factors to a specific disease or ailment. iii. A tailored approach this method is suited for some circumstance. For example, a patient who does not have caregivers or adequate financial capabilities may have to get support from other caregivers. Evaluation It is very vital for one to investigate and find out the level of the underlying symptoms and to determine the progress of the disease. This is important as it helps in determining whether the disease can be transposed or if one is advancing to the terminal stage of their illness. The investigation may be done purposefully to alleviate the root cause of a symptom and deliver one from the effects of the symptom. Patient Issues related to Symptom assessment and management plan There are various releases with different patients, which may yarn-dye the assessment. There this paper presents an elaboration of literature review, which sin gles out the interconnection of of areas focus in relation to the pain one is undergoing. These include communication, the spiritual lifetime of a patient, and their relationships. Relationships and Communications Health practitioners and hospitals should conduct and facilitate individual patient support to empower patients to talk effectively health professionals any other person. In addition to this, heal professionals should be trained adequately to enable them to learn the dynamics of communicating to patients, their informal caregivers and how they can communicate with other professionals. The major issue of concern that has been of concern all along is the importance of communication among and between various groups of persons involved. For instance, patients, health care professionals and the informal caregivers. For the case of patience, good communication, trust, and planning are the major concepts in the control of major symptoms that may have been found to develop in a p atient. Patients should constantly be assured of wellness not sufferance and disaster after the treatment. The patients should be told of the side effects that are related to some diseases and treatments. The fear that may engulf a patient around a specific treatment like cancer should be attended to and well addressed. The type of relationship that exists between a patient and health professionals matters a lot in the health improvement of a patient. The type of rela

Mix Map Model Essay Example for Free

Mix Map Model EssayMixmap model provides information that helps the comp some(prenominal) to determine the factors that efficaciously analyse the present tactics and based on the analysis it can determine future tactics. Mixmap model includes 4Ps, Product carriage motorcycle, BCG matrix and Ansoff matrix.* Product life cycle Product life cycles (PLC) ar the stages that a point of intersection goes through during its life cycle in the merchandise. Product life cycle is used in site to show current stage of the product or the company at present which including four stages, Introduction, Growth, Maturity and Decline. PLC is useful for determining the current merchandise position and it is significant for the company to adapt their product or brands marketing strategy to the changing condition of the market environment.Introduction is first introduced. It offers something bracing in terms of its design or performance, with few competitors offering the same product. Growth as volume grows, competitors may enter the growing market. Keeping up with bespeak could prove to be the main operations.. Maturity Demand starts to level off. Operations will be expected to get the costs down in order to maintain profits or to exclusivelyow price cutting. Decline After time, sales will decline with more competitors dropping out of the market. Eg. MS is in a towering fashion industry and its product offering is the latest trends and designs with a life of maximum 2 weeks so its product life cycle cure becomes like the above diagram.* Boston Group Matrix Uses market share and market growth criteria for determining the attractiveness and balance of a argumentation portfolio.Star is a business unit within a portfolio, which has a high market share in a growing market. It is well- established and uncivilised opportunities. Question mark is a business unit within a portfolio that is in a growing market, but does not yet have high market share. Cash cow is a b usiness unit within a portfolio that has a high market share in mature market. Dogs are business units within a portfolio that have low share in static or declining markets. ExampleMS in terms of BCG matrix is either dogs (cash in balance) or school principal marks (cash cow). The portfolio of MSs products is good in c plowhing having star position and in food MS has occupied the position of question mark relative market shares is low with low industry growth and in financial services industry growth is high but MSs market share is low and will require substantial capital investment to turn them into stars.* McKinsey Matrix Highlights the importance of fit among strategy, structure, sytems, staff, style, skills and superordinate goals. Three aspects of organizing. First, organizing involves a lot more than just getting the organizational structure right there are legion(predicate) other elements to attend to. Second, the 7-s framework emphasizes fit between all these elements e verything from structure to skills needs to be connected together. Third, if managers change one element of the 7-s, the concept of fit suggests they are likely to have to change all the other elements as well in order to keep them all appropriately aligned to each other.Strategy are plans an organization formulates to reach place goals, and a set of decisions and actions aimed at gaining a sustainable advantage over the competition Structure is the key ingredient of organizing for success. But structure can solo work if they are supported by formal and informal organizational system System can be subdivided in two ways. First, systems tend to strain either control over inputs or control over output. The second is between direct and indirect control.Style refers to the leadership style of top managers in an organization and how key managers behave to achieving the organization goals. Staff is about the kinds of people in the organization and how they are developed. Skills r elates to staff. It raises not only staff skills but besides issues to do with how these skills are embedded in and captured by the organization as a whole. victor goals refers to the overarching goals or purpose of the organization as a whole. Superordinate goals are placed at the center of the 7-s framework all other elements should support these. ExampleMS are fully exercising the 7s model and coordinate at all levels to generate maximum output. Structure is well defined since it is old player in this industry so they have learnt a lot from their experience curve and now have developed an outstanding structure. In the initial phase MS got experience through hit and trial method and now have developed good strategies and system. MS also has got excellent skills and is full getting benefit of these skills. They are well known figures in attire industry and have gained professional and productive staff. MS have shared values which are widely spread in its all 7s and are refle cted by their strategic moves* Ansoffs Matrix Is a very useful tool and can be used in nearly every scenario. It neatly summarizes many of the strategic options facing organizations.Market penetration quick markets and productsThis is a strategy by which a company seeks to increase the sales of its present products in its lively markets. Product maturement existing markets and new productThis strategy has the aim of increasing sales by developing products for a companys existing market. Market development existing products and new marketsThis strategy has the aim of increasing sales by repositioning present products to new markets Diversification develop new products in new marketsThis could be related to what we do at the moment. Diversification is a high risk strategy as the business is unfamiliar with the product and the target market.ExampleWe can see from the Ansoffs Matrix, MSs lunch of Financial services products will have involved a diversification strategy. As MS did not already sells financial products, so new market and new product. Both capability and market consideration has driven MS into development of new markets and products.4Ps* Price The price of a product or service is the important influencers in the decision on whether to buy. Eg. Marks and Spencer vary in price. just most of the products seem to be fairly cheap affordable prices. This is good because the clothes are of good quality however the pricing isnt too expensive. * Promotion represents all of the methods of communication that a marketer may use to provide information to different parties about the product. The promotion mix consists of four elements advertising, sales promotion, public relations and personal selling. Eg. Marks and Spencer tend to promote ladies fashion mainly on Television and on their website. They also advertise on billboards and so forth* Place refers to providing the product at a place, which is convenient for consumers to access.eg. For MS all lad ies fashion is placed on a certain floor in the store, so it is easily found and is easy to locate, and find particular product. * Product Product covers both the usefulness and demand for an item in general and also any specific features and benefits. In general, when buying the fast fashion clothes, style and quality are the key requirements for customer. If it is to stand out from rivals products. It can be done by changing this brand name, quality, and packaging. Eg. MS offers many different clothing concepts for man, woman and children, and also sell accessary and cosmetic.

Translation Technique by Molina and Albir Essay Example for Free

Translation Technique by Molina and Albir EssayCet article a pour objectif de cerner la nonion de proficiency de traduction enten collect comme un des instruments danalyse text editionuelle qui permet detudier le fonctionnement de lequivalence par rapport a loriginal. capitulum rappelons t divulge dabord les pol bes renderings et sorts qui ont ete purportes ainsi que les astonishments terminologiques, conceptuelles et de classification qui en ont decoule. Nous donnons ensuite nonre definition de la technique de traduction en la differenciant de la ordere et de la strategie de traduction et proposons une approche dynamique et fonctionnelle de celleci. Pour terminer, nous definissons chacune des diverses techniques de traduction existantes et en presentons une nouvelle classification. Cette proposition a ete appliquee dans le cadre dune recherche sur la traduction des elements culturels dans les traductions en arabe de Cent ans de solitude de G veeria Marquez. ABSTRACT Th e aim of this article is to explicate the notion of explanation technique, understood as an instrument of textual analysis that, in combination with other(prenominal) instruments, abandons us to study how description equivalence deeds in relation to the original text.First, existing definitions and classifications of transformation techniques ar reviewed and terminological, conceptual and classification discombobulations are pointed out. Secondly, translation techniques are redefined, find outing them from translation method and translation strategies. The definition is dynamic and functional. Finally, we present a classification of translation techniques that has been tested in a study of the translation of ethnic elements in Arabic translations of A coke Years of Solitude by Garcia Marquez.MOTS-CLES/KEYWORDStranslation technique, translation method, translation scheme, translation equivalence, functionalism 1. TRANSLATION TECHNIQUES AS TOOL FOR ANALYSIS THE EXISTING CONFUSIONS The categories utilise to analyze translations allow us to study the flair translation works. These categories are cogitate to text, context and process. Textual categories describe mechanisms of coherence, cohesion and thematic progression. Contextual categories introduce all the extra-textual elements related to the context of source text and translation production. Process categories are designed to answer two elemental questions.Which option has the translator chosen to carry out the translation project, i. e. , which method has been chosen? How has the translator solved the problems that crap emerged during the translation process, i. e. , which strategies have been chosen? However, research (or teaching) requirements whitethorn make it important to consider textual micro- unit of measurements as well, that is to say, how the lead of the translation Meta, XLVII, 4, 2002 01. Meta 47/4. Partie 1 498 11/21/02, 215 PM translation techniques revisited 499 functions in relation to the corresponding unit in the source text. To do this we command translation techniques.We were made aware of this need in a study of the treatment of cultural elements in Arabic translations of A Hundred Years of Solitude1. Textual and contextual categories were not sufficient to identify, classify and name the options chosen by the translators for each unit studied. We needed the family of translation techniques that allowed us to describe the actual steps taken by the translators in each textual micro-unit and obtain clear data about the customary methodological option chosen. However, at that place is almost disagreement amongst translation scholars about translation techniques.This disagreement is not only terminological but excessively conceptual. in that location is even a lack of consensus as to what name to give to call the categories, varied labels are utilise (procedures, techniques, strategies) and sometimes they are confused with other concepts. Furthermore, different classifications have been proposed and the footing often overlap. This article presents the definition and classification of translation techniques that we used in our study of the treatment of cultural elements in Arabic translations of A Hundred Years of Solitude.We also present a critical review of earlier definitions and classifications of translation techniques. 2. THE DIFFERENT APPROACHES TO CLASSIFYING TRANSLATION TECHNIQUES 2. 1. Translation Technical Procedures in the Compared Stylistics. Vinay and Darbelnets pioneer work Stylistique comparee du francais et de langlais (SCFA) (1958) was the first classification of translation techniques that had a clear methodological purpose. The term they used was procedes techniques de la traduction. They defined seven basic procedures operating on three levels of style lexis, distribution (morphology and syntax) and gist.The procedures were classified as direct (or substantial) or oblique, to coincide with th eir preeminence surrounded by direct (or literal error) and oblique translation. actual translation occurs when there is an exact structural, lexical, even morphological equivalence amidst two speech communications. According to the authors, this is only possible when the two languages are very destruction to each other. The literal translation procedures are Borrowing. A word taken directly from another language, e. g. , the English word bulldozer has been incorporated directly into other languages. Calque.A foreign word or phrase translated and incorporated into another language, e. g. , fin de semaine from the English weekend. Literal translation. Word for word translation, e. g. , The ink is on the elude and Lencre est sur la table. Oblique translation occurs when word for word translation is impossible. The oblique translation procedures are 01. Meta 47/4. Partie 1 Transposition. A flaw of word class, i. e. , verb for noun, noun for preposition e. g. , Expediteur and From. When there is a shift between two signifiers, it is called crossed transposition, e. g. , He limped across the way and Il a traverse la repent en boitant.Modulation. A shift in point of view. Whereas transposition is a shift between grammatical categories, modulation is a shift in cognitive categories. Vinay and Darbelnet 499 11/21/02, 215 PM 500 Meta, XLVII, 4, 2002 postulate eleven types of modulation abstract for concrete, cause for effect, means for result, a part for the whole, geographical alteration, etc. , e. g. , the geographical modulation between encre de Chine and Indian ink. Intravaia and Scavee (1979) studied this procedure in depth and reached the conclusion that it is qualitatively different from the others and that the others can be included within it.Equivalence. This accounts for the alike situation using a completely different phrase, e. g. , the translation of proverbs or idiomatic show upions like, Comme un chien dans un jeu de quilles and Like a bull in a china shop. Adaptation. A shift in cultural environment, i. e. , to express the message using a different situation, e. g. cycling for the French, cricket for the English and baseball for the Americans. These seven basic procedures are complemented by other procedures. Except for the procedures of compensation and inversion, they are all classified as opposing pairs. 01. Meta 47/4.Partie 1 Compensation. An special of cultivation, or a stylistic effect from the ST that cannot be reproduced in the same place in the TT is introduced elsewhere in the TT, e. g. , the French translation of I was seeking thee, Flathead. from the Jungle Book Kipling used the archaic thee, instead of you, to express respect, but none of the equivalent French pronoun forms (tu, te, toi) have an archaic equivalent, so the translator expressed the same feeling by using the vocative, O, in another part of the sentence En verite, cest bien toi que je cherche, O Tete-Plate. Concentration vs. Dissolution.Concentration expresses a signified from the SL with fewer signifiers in the TL. Dissolution expresses a signified from the SL with more signifiers in the TL, e. g. , archery is a dissolution of the French tir a larc. Amplification vs. Economy. These procedures are similar to concentration and dissolution. Amplification occurs when the TL uses more signifiers to cover syntactic or lexical gaps. According to Vinay and Darbelnet, dissolution is a question of langue and adaptation of parole, e. g. , He talked himself out of a job and Il a perdu sa chance pour avoir trop parle.The opposite procedure is economy, e. g., Well price ourselves out of the market and Nous ne pourrons plus vendre si nous sommes trop exigeants. Reinforcement vs. compression. These are variations of amplification and economy that are characteristic of French and English, e. g. , English prepositions or conjunctions that need to be reinforced in French by a noun or a verb To the station and Entree d e la gare Shall I phone for a cab? and Voulez-vous que je telephone pour faire venir une voiture? Mallblanc (1968) changed Vinay and Darbelnets reward for over-characterization, because he found it was more appropriate for the traits of French and Ger gentleman.He pointed out that German prepositions, such as, in can be translated into French as dans le creux de, dans le fond de, or, dans le sein de. Explicitation vs. Implicitation. Explicitation is to introduce information from the ST that is implicit from the context or the situation, e. g. , to make explicit the endurings sex when translating his patient into French. Implicitation is to allow the situation to indicate information that is explicit in the ST, e. g. , the meaning of sortez as go out or come out depends on the situation. generality vs. Particularization.Generalization is to translate a term for a more general one, whereas, particularization is the opposite, e. g. , the English translation of guichet, fenetre or de vanture by window is a generalization. Inversion. This is to cause a word or a phrase to another place in a sentence or a paragraph so that it reads course in the fall guy language, e. g. , Pack individually for convenient inspection and Pour faciliter la visite de la douane mettre a part . 500 11/21/02, 215 PM translation techniques revisited 501 hold over 1 Vinay and Darbelnets translation procedures Borrowing Bulldozer (E) ? Bulldozer (F) Calque Fin de semaine (F) ?Week-end (E) Literal translation Lencre est sur la table (F) ? The ink is on the table (E) Transposition Defense de fumer (F) ? No smoking (E) Crossed transposition He limped across the street (E) ? Il a traverse la rue en boitant (F) Modulation Encre de Chien (F) ? Indian Ink (E) Equivalence Comme un chien dans un jeu de quilles (F) ? Like a bull in a china shop (E) Adaptation Cyclisme (F) ? Cricket (E) ? Baseball (U. S) Compensation I was seeking thee, Flathead (E) ? En verite, cest bien toi que je cherche, O Te te-Plate (F) Dissolution Tir a larc (F) ? Archery (E) Concentration Archery (E) ? Tir a larc (F)Amplification He talked himself out of a job (E) ? Il a perdu sa chance pour avoir trop parle (F) Economy Nous ne pourrons plus vendre si nous sommes trop exigeants (F) ? Well price ourselves out of the market (E) Reinforcement Shall I phone for a cab? (E) ? Voulez-vous que je telephone pour faire venir une voiture? (F) Condensation Entree de la garde (F) ? To the station (E) Explicitation His patient (E) ? Son patient / Son patiente (F) Implicitation Go out/ Come out (E) ? Sortez (F) Generalization Guichet, fenetre, devanture (F) ? window (E) Particularization Window (E) ? Guichet, fenetre, devanture (F) Articularization.In all this immense variety of conditions, (E) ? Et cependant, malgre la diversite des conditions, (F) Juxtaposition Et cependant, malgre la diversite des conditions, (F) ? In all this immense variety of conditions, (E) Grammaticalization A man in a blue suit (E) ? Un h omme vetu de blue (F) Lexicalization Un homme vetu de blue (F) ? A man in a blue suit (E) Inversion Pack separately for convenient inspection (E) ? Pour faciliter la visite de la douane mettre a part (F) 2. 2. The Bible translators From their study of biblical translation, Nida, Taber and Margot concentrate on questions related to cultural transfer.They propose several categories to be used 01. Meta 47/4. Partie 1 501 11/21/02, 215 PM 502 Meta, XLVII, 4, 2002 when no equivalence exists in the target language adjustment techniques, essential distinction, explicative paraphrasing, redundancy and naturalisation. 2. 2. 1. Techniques of adjustment Nida (1964) proposes three types kick initions, subtractions and alterations. They are used 1) to adjust the form of the message to the characteristics of the structure of the target language 2) to produce semantically equivalent structures 3) to generate appropriate stylistic equivalences 4) to produce an equivalent communicative effect. Additions. Several of the SCFA procedures are included in this category. Nida lists different circumstances that might deem a translator to make an sum total to clarify an elliptic expression, to avoid ambiguity in the target language, to change a grammatical category (this corresponds to SCFAs transposition), to amplify implicit elements (this corresponds to SCFAs explicitation), to add connectors (this corresponds to SCFAs articulation required by characteristics of the TL, etc. ). Examples are as follows.When translating from St Pauls Epistles, it is appropriate to add the verb write in several places, even though it is not in the source text a literal translation of they tell him of her (Mark I30) into Mazatec would have to be amplified to the people there told Jesus about the woman, otherwise, as this language makes no distinctions of number and gender of pronominal affixes it could have thirty-six different interpretations He went up to Jerusalem. There he taught the people some languages require the equivalent of He went up to Jerusalem. Having arrived there, he taught the people.Subtractions. Nida lists four situations where the translator should use this procedure, in addition to when it is required by the TL unnecessary repetition, specified references, conjunctions and adverbs. For tryoutple, the name of God appears thirty-two times in the thirty-one verses of Genesis. Nida suggests using pronouns or omitting God. Alterations. These changes have to be made because of incompatibilities between the two languages. There are three main types. 1) Changes due to problems caused by transliteration when a new word is introduced from the source language, e. g., the transliteration of Messiah in the Loma language, means deaths hand, so it was altered to Mezaya.2) Changes due to structural differences between the two languages, e. g. , changes in word order, grammatical categories, etc. (similar to SCFAs transposition). 3) Changes due to semantic misfits, especially with idiomatic expressions. One of the suggestions to solve this kind of problem is the use of a descriptive equivalent i. e. , a satisfactory equivalent for objects, events or attributes that do not have a standard term in the TL. It is used for objects that are unknown in the target culture (e. g., in Maya the admit where the law was read for Synagogue) and for actions that do not have a lexical equivalent (e. g. , in Maya desire what another man has for covetousness, etc. )Nida includes footnotes as another adjustment technique and points out that they have two main functions 1) To correct linguistic and cultural differences, e. g. , to explain contradictory customs, to identify unknown geographical or physical items, to give equivalents for weights and measures, to explain word play, to add information about proper names, etc. 2) To add additional information about the historical and cultural context of the text in question.01. Meta 47/4. Partie 1 502 11/21/02, 215 PM translation techniques revisited 503 2. 2. 2. The essential differences Margot (1979) presents three criteria used to unloose cultural adaptation. He refers to them as the essential differences. 1) 2) 3) Items that are unknown by the target culture. He suggests adding a classifier next to the word (as Nida does), e. g. , the urban center of Jerusalem or, by using a cultural equivalent (similar to the SCFA procedure of adaptation), e. g. , in Jesus parable (Matthew 716) to change grapes / thorn bushes and figs / thistles for other plants that are more special K in the target culture.However, he warns the reader that this procedure is not always possible. Taber y Nida (1974) list five factors that have to be taken into account when it is used a) the symbolic and theological importance of the item in question, b) its fequency of use in the Bible, c) its semantic relationship with other words, d) similarities of function and form between the two items, e) the readers emotional re sponse. The historical framework. Here Margot proposes a linguistic rather than a cultural translation, on the grounds that historical events cannot be modified. Adaptation to the specific situation of the target audience.Margot maintains that the translators task is to translate and that it is up to preachers, commentarists and Bible study groups to adapt the biblical text to the specific situation of the target audience. He includes footnotes as an aid to cultural adaptation. 2. 2. 3. The explicative paraphrase Nida, Taber and Margot coincide in distinguishing between legitimate and illegitimate paraphrasing. The legitimate paraphrase is a lexical change that makes the TT longer than the ST but does not change the meaning (similar to the SCFA amplification / dissolution. The illegitimate paraphrase makes ST items explicit in the TT.Nida, Taber and Margot agree this is not the translators job as it may introduce subjectivity. 2. 2. 4. The concept of redundancy According to Margot ( 1979), redundancy tries to achieve symmetry between ST readers and TT readers. This is done either by adding information (grammatical, syntactic and stylistic elements, etc. ) when differences between the two languages and cultures make a similar reception impossible for the TT readers, or by suppressing information when ST elements are redundant for the TT readers, e. g. , the Hebrew expression, answering, said that is redundant in some other languages.This procedure is very close to SCFAs implicitation / explicitation. 2. 2. 5. The concept of naturalization This concept was introduced by Nida (1964) after using the term natural to define dynamic equivalence (the closest natural equivalent to the source language message). Nida claims that naturalization can be achieved by taking into account 1) the source language and culture understood as a whole 2) the cultural context of the message 3) the target audience. This procedure is very close to SCFAs adaptation. 01. Meta 47/4. Partie 1 503 11/21/02, 215 PM 504 Meta, XLVII, 4, 2002 Table 2.The Bible translators purposes Classifier The city of Jerusalem Alteration Messiah (E) ? Mezaya (Loma) Cultural equivalent grapes / thorn bushes and figs / thistles ? other plants that are more common in the target culture Equivalent description Synagogue ? The house where the law was read (Maya) Footnotes 2. 3. Vazquez Ayoras technical procedures Vazquez Ayora (1977) uses the term operative technical procedures, although he sometimes refers to them as the translation method. He combines the SCFA prescriptive approach with the Bible translators, descriptive approach and introduces some new procedures Omission. This is to omit redundancy and repetition that is characteristic of the SL, e. g. , to translate The committee has failed to act by La comision no actuo, omitting the verb to fail and avoiding over-translation La comision dejo de actuar. Desplacement and Inversion. Displacement corresponds to SCFAs inversion, where two elements change position, e. g. , The phone rang and Sono el telefono. Table 3 Vazquez Ayoras contribution Omission The committee has failed to act (E) ? La comision no actuo (Sp) Inversion The phone rang (E) ? Sono el telefono (Sp) 2. 4. Delisles contribution.Delisle (1993) introduces some variations to the SCFA procedures and maintains the term procedure for Vinay and Darbelnets proposals. However, for some other categories of his own, he introduces a different terminology, e. g. , translation strategies, translation errors, operations in the cognitive process of translating He lists several of these categories as contrasting pairs. In his review of Vinay and Darbelnet, he proposes simplifying the SCFA dichotomies of reinforcement/condensation and amplification/economy and he reduces them to a single pair, reinforcement/economy.Reinforcement is to use more words in the TT than the ST to express the same idea. He distinguishes three types of reinforcement 1) dissolution 2) explici tation (these two correspond to their SCFA homonyms) and 3) periphrasis (this corresponds to SCFAs amplification). Economy is to use fewer words in the TT than the ST to express the same idea. He distinguishes three types of economy 1) concentration 2) implicitation (these two correspond to their SCFA homonyms and are in contrast to dissolution and explicitation) and concision (this corresponds to SCFAs economy and is in contrast to periphrasis). 01. Meta 47/4. Partie 1 504.11/21/02, 215 PM translation techniques revisited 505 The other categories Delisle introduces are Addition vs. Omission. He defines them as unreasonable periphrasis and concision and considers them to be translation errors. Addition is to introduce unjustified stylistic elements and information that are not in the ST, omission is the unjustifiable crushing of elements in the ST. Paraphrase. This is defined as excessive use of paraphrase that complicates the TT without stylistic or rhetorical justification. I t is also classified as a translation error. Delisles paraphrase and addition coincide with Margots illegitimate paraphrase.Discursive creation. This is an operation in the cognitive process of translating by which a non-lexical equivalence is formal that only works in context, e. g. , In the world of literature, ideas become cross-fertilized, the experience of others can be usefully employed to mutual benefit is translated into French as, Dans le domaine des lettres, le choc des idees se revele fecond il devient possible de profiter de lexperience dautrui. This concept is close to Nidas alterations caused by semantic incompatibilities and transliteration. Table 4 Delisles contributions Dissolution ReinforcementExplicitation Periphrasis (+) Addition () Paraphrase () Concentration Economy Implicitation Concession (+) Discursive creation Omission () Ideas become cross-fertilized (E) ? Le choc des idees se revele fecond (F) 2. 5. Newmarks procedures Newmark (1988) also uses the term p rocedures to classify the proposals made by the comparative linguists and by the Bible translators, as well as some of his own. These are 01. Meta 47/4. Partie 1 Recognized translation. This is the the translation of a term that is already official or widely accepted, even though it may not be the most adequate, e. g., Gay-Lussacs Volumengesetz der Gase and Law of combining volumes. Functional equivalent.This is to use a culturally neutral word and to add a specifying term, e. g. , baccalaureat = French lowly school deviation exam Sejm = Polish parliament. It is very similar to Margots cultural equivalent, and in the SCFA terminology it would be an adaptation (secondary school leaving exam / parliament) with an explicitation (French/ Polish). Naturalization. Newmarks definition is not the same as Nidas. For Nida, it comes from transfer (SCFAs borrowing) and consists of adapting a SL word to the phonetic and morphological norms of the TL, e.g. , the German word Performanz and th e English performance. 505 11/21/02, 215 PM 506 Meta, XLVII, 4, 2002.Translation label. This is a provisional translation, usually of a new term, and a literal translation could be acceptable, e. g. , Erbschaftssprache or langue dheritage from the English heritage language. Newmark includes the option of solving a problem by combining two or more procedures (he called these solutions doubles, triples or quadruples). Newmark also adds synonymy as another category. Table 5 Newmarks procedures Recognized translation Volumengesetz der Gase (G) ? Law of combining volumes (E).Functional equivalent Baccalaureat (F) ? Baccalaureat, secondary school leaving exam (E) Naturalization Performance (E) ? Performanz (G) Translation label Heritage language (E) ? Langue dheritage (F) 3. CRITICAL REVIEW OF TRANSLATION TECHNIQUES As we have seen, there is no general agreement about this instrument of analysis and there is confusion about terminology, concepts and classification. The most serious confus ions are the undermentioned. 3. 1. Terminological confusion and over-lapping terms Terminological diversity and the overlapping of terms make it difficult to use these terms and to be understood.The same concept is expressed with different names and the classifications vary, binding different areas of problems. In one classification one term may over-lap another in a different system of classification. The category itself is given different names, for example, Delisle uses procedure, translation strategy, etc. 3. 2. The confusion between translation process and translation result This confusion was established by Vinay y Darbelnets pioneer proposal, when they presented the procedures as a description of the ways open to the translator in the translation process.Nevertheless, the procedures, as they are presented in the SCFA do not refer to the process followed by the translator, but to the final result. The confusion has persisted and translation techniques have been confused with other translation categories method and strategies. In some of the proposals there is a conceptual confusion between techniques and translation method. Vinay y Darbelnet introduced the confusion by dividing the procedures following the traditional methodological dichotomy between literal and free translation.As they worked with isolated units they did not distinguish between categories that affect the whole text and categories that refer to small units. Furthermore, the subtitle of their book, Methode de traduction, caused even more confusion. In our opinion (see 4. 1. ), a distinction should bemade between translation method, that is part of the process, a global choice that affects the whole translation, and translation techniques that describe the result and affect smaller sections of the translation. 01. Meta 47/4. Partie 1 50611/21/02, 215 PM translation techniques revisited 507 The SCFA use of the term procedures created confusion wirh another category related to the process translation strategies. Procedures are related to the distinction between declarative knowledge (what you know) and procedural or operative knowledge (know-how) (Anderson 1983). Procedures are an important part of procedural knowledge, they are related to knowing how to do something, the ability to organise actions to reach a specific goal (Pozo, Gonzalo and Postigo 1993).Procedures include the use of simple techniques and skills, as well as expert use of strategies (Pozo y Postigo 1993). Strategies are an essential element in problem solving. Therefore, in relation to solving translation problems, we think a distinction should be made between techniques and strategies. Techniques describe the result obtained and can be used to classify different types of translation solutions. Strategies are related to the mechanisms used by translators throughout the the whole translation process to find a solution to the problems they find.The technical procedures (the name itself is ambiguous) a ffect the results and not the process, so they should be distinguished from strategies. We propose they should be called translation techniques. 3. 3. The confusion between issues related to language pairs and text pairs Vinay y Darbelnets original proposal also led to a confusion between language problems and text problems. Their work was based on comparative linguistics and all the examples used to illustrate their procedures were decontextualized. In addition, because they gave a single translation for each linguistic item, the result was pairs of fixed equivalences.This led to a confusion between comparative linguistic phenomena (and the categories needed to analyse their similarities and differences) and phenomena related to translating texts (that need other categories). The use of translation techniques following the SCFA approach is limited to the classification of differences between language systems, not the textual solutions needed for translation. For example, SCFAs borr owing, transposition and inversion, or, Vazquez Ayoras omission, should not be considered as translation techniques.They are not a textual option open to the translator, but an obligation imposed by the characteristics of the language pair. 4. A DEFINITION OF TRANSLATION TECHNIQUES Our proposal is based on two premises 1) the need to distinguish between method, strategy and technique 2) the need for an dynamic and functional concept of translation techniques. 4. 1. The need to distinguish between method, strategy and technique We think that translation method, strategies and techniques are essentially different categories. (Hurtado 1996). 4. 1. 1. Translation method and translation techniques.Translation method refers to the way a particular translation process is carried out in terms of the translators objective, i. e. , a global option that affects the whole text. There are several translation methods that may be chosen, depending on the aim of 01. Meta 47/4. Partie 1 507 11/21/02 , 215 PM 508 Meta, XLVII, 4, 2002 the translation interpretative-communicative (translation of the sense), literal (linguistic transcodification), free (modification of semiotic and communicative categories) and philological (academic or critical translation) (see Hurtado Albir 1999 32).Each solution the translator chooses when translating a text responds to the global option that affects the whole text (the translation method) and depends on the aim of the translation. The translation method affects the way micro-units of the text are translated the translation techniques. Thus, we should distinguish between the method chosen by the translator, e. g. , literal or adaptation, that affects the whole text, and the translation techniques, e. g. , literal translation or adaptation, that affect microunits of the text.Logically, method and functions should function harmoniously in the text. For example, if the aim of a translation method is to produce a foreignising version, then borrowin g will be one of the most frequently used translation techniques. (Cf. This has been shown in Molina (1998), where she analyses the three translations into Arabic of Garcia Marquezs A Hundred Years of Solitude. Each translation had adopted a different translation method, and the techniques were studied in relation to the method chosen). 4. 1. 2.Translation strategy and translation techniques Whatever method is chosen, the translator may encounter problems in the translation process, either because of a particularly difficult unit, or because there may be a gap in the translators knowledge or skills. This is when translation strategies are activated. Strategies are the procedures (conscious or unconscious, verbal or nonverbal) used by the translator to solve problems that emerge when carrying out the translation process with a particular objective in mind (Hurtado Albir 1996, 1999).Translators use strategies for comprehension (e. g. , distinguish main and secondary ideas, establish c onceptual relationships, search for information) and for reformulation (e. g. , paraphrase, retranslate, say out loud, avoid words that are close to the original). Because strategies play an essential role in problem solving, they are a central part of the subcompetencies that make up translation competence. Strategies open the way to finding a suitable solution for a translation unit. The solution will be materialized by using a particular techniqu.