среда, 31 июля 2019 г.

The Legacy of Dr. Kaoru

The Legacy of Dr. Kaoru The Legacy of Dr. Kaoru Ishikawa Dr. Kaoru Ishikawa was a Japanese consultant and father of the scientific analysis of causes/ problems in industrial processes. The purpose of this paper is to recognize the life works and address the impacts of Dr. Kaoru Ishikawa’s works on the world. The focus will help the reader understand his background, key ideas, influence on quality practices, and the correlation to total quality management (TQM). Dr. Kaoru Ishikawa was born in 1915 and died in 1989 (Lindsay & Evans, 2007).He was born in Tokyo and was the eldest of eight sons by Ichiro Ishikawa (Business and Companies). In 1943 Ishikawa graduated from the Engineering department at the University of Tokyo with a major in applied chemistry (De La Salle University, 2002). According to Business and Companies, â€Å"His first job was as a naval technical officer (1939-1941) then moved on to work at the Nissan Liquid Fuel Company until 1947. Later that year he was mad e assistant professor at his Alma Mater. He later received his Doctorate of Engineering and was promoted to professor and worked at the university for many years (De La Salle University, 2002).Ishikawa was also on the editorial review board for the Japanese journal: Quality Control for Foremen (Lindsay & Evans, 2007). The quality guru also presented some key ideas which had a major impact on Quality Control. Two of his major accomplishments were the Ishikawa Diagram (aka Fishbone Diagram) and Quality Circles. According to the book, Guide to Quality Control, in 1943 Ishikawa first used the Fishbone Diagram to help explain to a group of engineers at Kawasaki Steel Works how a complex set of factors could be related to help understand a problem (Ishikawa, 1986).The diagram is a tool used to identify all possible causes of a particular problem (Maze-Emery, 2008). Figure 1. illustrates the Fishbone Diagram. Figure 1. Cause and Effect diagram of incorrect deliveries. Later in the 1960â₠¬â„¢s Dr. Ishikawa developed Quality Circles. These circles of members represented the first types of teams that exclusively focused on quality (Lindsay & Evans, 2007). During this period Dr. Ishikawa became Chief Executive Director for QC Circle Headquarters at the Union of Japanese Scientists and Engineers (JUSE) (Lindsay & Evans, 2007).It was through JUSE that Ishikawa developed a companywide participative bottom up approach to quality thus becoming the standard for the Japanese approach to quality management (Lindsay & Evans, 2007). Quality circles grew tremendously and today over a million workers are involved. This standard also traveled to the western states. Companies such as Toyota, Lockheed Martin, General Electric, and Coors Brewing Company have established quality circles (Lindsay & Evans, 2007). The quality philosopher’s influence on practices has given him plenty of accolades.He has been awarded the Deming Prize and the Nihon Keizai Press Prize, the Industrial S tandardization Prize for his writings on Quality Control, and the Grant Award in 1971 from the American Society for Quality Control for his education program on Quality Control (Center for ISO 9000). Dr. Ishikawa was also named honorary member of ASG in 1986. In addition, during 1993 the ASQ established the Ishikawa medal to recognize the human side of quality leadership. Lastly, Dr. Ishikawa has written several books including, Guide to Quality Control (1971) and What is Total Quality Control?The Japanese Way (1986). In conclusion, Dr. Kaoru Ishikawa was a quality control guru who helped the Japanese as well as many other countries to improve their quality performance. With his educational and professional background, key ideas, and influence on quality, Dr. Ishikawa provided major contribution to TQM. Ishikawa once stated, â€Å"The results of these company-wide Quality Control activities are remarkable, not only in ensuring the quality of industrial products but also in their gr eat contribution to the company’s overall business. Center for ISO 9000)† References Business and Companies. (n. d. ). BusinessPME : Internet gate for the leaders of small and medium-sized companies PME PMI. Retrieved May 12, 2010, from http://www. businesspme. com/uk/articles/economics/12/Kaoru-Ishikawa. html De La Salle University – Manila E-quality. (n. d. ). E-quality. Retrieved May 10, 2010, from http://quality. dlsu. edu. ph/chronicles/ishikawa. html Ishikawa, K. (1986). Guide to Quality Control (Industrial Engineering & Technology) (Second Revised ed. . Tokyo: Asian Productivity Organization. ISO 9000 and Quality Gurus. (n. d. ). Center for Iso 9000. Retrieved May 10, 2010, from www. iso-9000. ro/eng/9001/gurus. htm Lindsay, J. R. , & Evans, W. M. (2007). Philosophies and Frameworks. Managing for Quality and Performance Excellence (7th ed. , p. 112). Mason, Ohio: Cengage Learning. Maze-Emery, E. (2008). Knowing the cause is half the battle. T & P: Tooling & Production, 74(11/12), 28-29. Retrieved from Business Source Premier database.

How Markets and Investors value stocks Essay

Collectively, Team B believes stock is a security that shows possession in a company or asset and symbolizes claim from investors or the owner. The market and invests are interested in two types of stocks which are common and preferred. Common stock typically gives a share of ownership in a corporation, to which gives owners and investors rights to vote or make decisions, and a right to receive dividends. Preferred stock, gives no decision-making or voting rights, but has a greater return on assets and earnings to investors than the common shares. When preferred stocks are purchased, the investor has an expectation when dividends are to be received because of the regular intervals they are paid. With common stocks, the board of directors determines if a dividend will be paid or not. When evaluating stocks, there are two key variables, which are profitability and growth (Mcconnache, 2007). Stock ownership is decided by the quantity of shares a shareowner has comparative to the quantit y of outstanding shares. When appraising stocks, a valuation should include all risk, expansion plans and a strategy to diversify. With Internet technology investors have a considerable amount of resources to measure the profitability of stocks. This technology allows investors to aggressively and vigorously searches for corporations that can provide a high return on investment. Investors should be interested in the future growth of a corporation vice only considering the present day value. New ideas should be considered a strategy when estimating the future growth and profitability of a stock cash flow (â€Å"How To Value A Stock†, 2009). The market has a tremendous effect on the value of a stock and its profitability through supply and demand. The market has the abilities to determine when to allocate resources to adjust the supply and  demand. When that shift happens it regulate the increase or decrease of the stock price in the market. The stock market can undervalue a stock for countless intention such as dividends, earnings, and sales. These intensions attract investor that anticipates purchasing stocks prior to the market snowballing the prices. When investors find it safe or feel knowledgeable about the stock or market, and understand the rules governing the market are fair, it grows at a faster pace (â€Å"How To Value A Stock†, 2009). Even through the stock market can seen intimidating, there are safeguards for investors, which are the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) and National Association of Securities Dealers (NASD). SEC controls and develops laws and regulations that govern the securities industry and NASD manages added regulations and put in force federal securities acts. These two organizations provide investor protection and allow an even playing to all. Conclusion Markets and investor evaluate stocks from many different perspectives before making a decision to invest. Many factors to include political, economical, social & cultural and technology influences how a stock can generate revenue for an investor. Moreover, Present Value and Future Value are also methods investors used to determine an valuations of stocks for profitability. Reference Mcconnache, S. (2007). How to Do A Basic Stock Evaluation. Retrieved from http://www.ezinearticles.com How to Value a Stock. (2009). Retrieved from http://www/forbes.com/2009/04/14/investingstock Parrino, R., Kidwell, D.S., & Bates, T.W. (2012). Fundamentals of corporate finance (4th ed.). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.

вторник, 30 июля 2019 г.

Psychoanalytic Critique on the Black Swan

How does the main character deal with her id ego and superego? Which part of the subconscious seems to dominate? I believe Ninas Id is the dominant because she constantly in the movie is doing what she can to satisfy what she wants she does what she’s told to do to get it and be able to do it correctly. How does the relationship she has with other people? Does there seem to be a childhood trauma or a childhood experience that has occurred?She isn’t really able to have relationships with other people she doesn’t even have a good relationship with her mom I feel like she’s still some sort of child on the inside like a teen rebelling. I think this is probably because she didn’t really communicate with her mom as a child or have a dad around. What in the protagonist’s past has triggered her to be the way she is in her relationships now? I think Nina was probably isolated as a child that’s why she doesn’t really have that many relati onships as an adult.She still lives with her mom, which shows she doesn’t really know how to deal with regular daily things on her own. What does the protagonist dream about? What is the first thing she thinks about when she wakes up? What does this tell us about her? She had a sexual dream where she was receiving from lily. She believed it actually happened until lily tells her she left right after and didn’t stay the night. I think this shows that she was receiving love in a different way then she receives it from her mom since she doest really have any relationships like a boyfriend and friendships.What core issues does the character have and where do you think they come from? I think these issues come from her childhood she obviously grew up without a dad and her mom shows how overprotecting she is with her. She does have a habit of scratching herself when something seems to overwhelm her. What are the fears of our protagonist and why? The fears Nina has are not be ing perfect and not playing the role she was given. And she fought for. She always wanted everything perfect.I think she’s probably scared of herself as well since she scratches her self without realizing it most of the times. What are her desires and how do they affect her subconscious? I think her desires are to be the best at ballet and being the swan queen she wants to finish on top beating everyone else. Well throughout the movie this was what she wanted and she didn’t want lily to take that from her mainly. Which she thought was better and maybe she wanted to be more like lily since she saw how carefree she was unlike her.How does the characters sexuality affect how people view her and why? Since Nina was a virgin she was viewed as innocent the goody goody ballerina. After her sexual dream I viewed her a little different as in she wanted to receive love in a different way then her mom she wanted to maybe break out of the shell she was in. What types of defense me chanisms do they use and what are they trying to repress? She constantly has to cut her nails because she scratches herself I think she uses this as a defense mechanism to avoid having herself having to deal with the other problems around her.

понедельник, 29 июля 2019 г.

Procurement logistic and supply chain management Coursework

Procurement logistic and supply chain management - Coursework Example Cooper et al (1997) mentioned that practitioners and educators have variously addressed the concept of supply chain management as an extension of logistics, or as an all-encompassing approach to business integration. BCAM is headed by James Irvine, Managing Director holding 40% of the shares while Tom Irvine is the Production Director with 25% shares in the company. The company was established 100 years ago by the Irvine family which came into existence during mass industrialization of UK agricultural sector manufacturing tractors and wide range of associated agricultural equipments like harvesters, balers, mowers and sprayers. Over these years, BCAM was able to build good reputation in the market but lacked innovation and neglected both product and market development failing which the company was not able to react to the demand and had to face stiff competition, mainly from Europe, USA and Far East. As supply chain management and procurement logistics are important in efficient, smo oth and continuous functioning of the company, this paper critically analyses the supply chain management process of British Consolidated Agricultural Machinery (BCAM), its consequences on the operation and management of the company and evaluating different approaches of supply chain management to benefit the company in terms of improved procurement and supply chain management. ... Further Hugos (2006) states that supply chain management is the coordination of production, inventory, location and transportation among the participants in a supply chain to achieve the best mix of responsiveness and efficiency for the market being served† Various definitions from different authors concentrate mainly on flow of goods and materials within the company for timely production, cost effective operations and better customer service which is not evident or persistent in the supply chain process of BCAM. The supply chain process at BCAM did not meet any of the essential criterions as suggested by several authors in Mentzer (2001). BCAM lacked strategic planning in its supplied chain process as purchasing officer would make a reorder for the goods and materials only after the low stock level and stock issue made by the warehouse. Warehouse officials manually carried the inventory and issued reorder report to the purchase department after which purchase department would require three days to forward purchaser order to the supplier, which may extend to week further if the individual product lines are batched up into one large order with a single supplier. It may be noted that logistics play a major role in supply chain management process which is not limited to single organization but refers to a network that work together and coordinate their actions to deliver a product to the market (Hugos, 2006). Delivering product to customers requires implementation of the strategic process within the firm to integrate the firm with other members of the supply chain and other operational activities at day to day level (Lambart, 2008). Procurement of materials, which is the primary task of purchase department lacked decision making power as it

воскресенье, 28 июля 2019 г.

Interest Rate SWAPS Literature review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Interest Rate SWAPS - Literature review Example According to Pelsser (2000) the market related to derivative securities has been stated to be perceived similar to an insurance market in relation to the considered financial risks. The rapid rate of globalisation in terms of the capital markets has resulted in a significant rise in the level of volatility related to interest rate across the globe. Numerous companies displayed a preference in favour of purchasing insurance in opposition to the rising improbability and instability with regard to the market linked to interest rate. Owing to this particular rationale, the market related to interest rate derivatives witnessed a sharp rise and development during the past two decades (Crotty & North Carolina State University, 2006). It was stated by Whaley (2006) that interest rate derivatives are referred to those kind of derivatives which are supposed to make available the pay-offs that are ascertained by the way of alterations that takes place in the interest rates. The similar derivati ve products that were made use of with the intention to handle and deal with the risks related to foreign exchange were found to posses the competence of managing the risks related to interest rates as well (Kohn, 1990). The popular form of derivative product that was found to be used in this context was the interest rate swaps. ... The advantage of tailoring or modifying the risks associated with interest rates in accordance with the requirements of a particular risk manager was attributed to be the major cause behind its popularity. Interest rate swaps have been recognised to be the most extensively applied form of interest rate derivative (Grant & Marshall, 1997; Bodnar & et. al., 1995; Moffet & Karlsen, 1994). Interest rate swap has been stated to be quite an effectual instrument. It is competent of being structured at quite a decreased degree of cost and is also supposed to be less pricey in comparison to a fresh loan with a fixed rate (Schaeffer & Ludwig, 1993). According to Coyle (2001), the concept of interest rate swap is referred to the swap over of payment of interests based on a theoretical amount with regard to the principal. In such instances, one particular party is believed to disburse a preset interest rate with regard to the principal amount for the duration in relation to the swap. Similarly, the other involved party continues disbursing a floating interest rate which is attuned or rather periodically altered. The notion of interest rate has been explained as the sum of money or funds that is assured to be paid by a particular borrower to the concerned lender. The usage or the execution of an interest rate is learnt to be dependent on the degree of relative credit risk as it is believed that the more the expected degree of credit risk, the rate of interest that is assured by the specific borrower also soars and gets increased in relation to it. The interest rate swap is considered to be quite popular and has been stated to be amongst the chief

суббота, 27 июля 2019 г.

Minimizing the risk of cold stress and thermoregulation in neonatal Essay

Minimizing the risk of cold stress and thermoregulation in neonatal children - Essay Example Any deviation from the normal values will influence the biochemical processes and will disturb the natural homeostasis presents within the cells of the human organism. The temperature of the body is divided in two parts: the temperature of the internal organs, known as the core temperature, and skin temperature. The temperature of the internal organs remains almost exactly constant, within a variation of 0.6 0C. Nevertheless, many healthy people whose temperature has been measured orally have shown a range of normal temperatures, varying from under 36 0C to over 37.5 0C. The average normal temperature of the internal organs is considered to be within the range of 36.6 to 37.5 0C if it's measured orally and 1 0C if it's measured rectally. Since the temperature regulatory systems of the body are not perfect, the body temperature varies in different situations, such as extreme exercise and extremes of temperature of surroundings. For example, during exercise, when excessive heat is produced, the temperature of the body can rise temporarily to as high as 38.5 to 40 0C. On the other hand, when the body is subjected to extreme cold, the temperature of t he body can often fall below 36 0C. The skin temperature, on the other hand, constantly varies, depending on the surroundings. This temperature is important when we take into account the ability of the skin to lose heat to the surroundings. As was stated before, the body's perfect functioning is dependent on maintain the balance, or homeostasis, in the organism. The control of body temperature is no different; in essence, it represents a balance between heat production of the body and heat loss. Logically, the rate of heat production that increases more than the loss of heat leads to elevated temperature of the body. If the loss of heat is greater, lowering of body temperature occurs. Heat production represents the principal by-product of metabolism. There are various factors that determine the rate of heat production, and these factors combined are named the metabolic rate of the body. According to Guyton and Hall (2000, p.822) the most important factors are the following: 1) Basal rate of metabolism of all the cells of the body 2) Extra rate of metabolism as a result of muscle contraction (this includes muscle contractions caused by shivering) 3) Extra metabolism caused by the effect of thyroxin (and to a smaller extend other hormones like growth hormone and testosterone) 4) Extra metabolism caused by the effect of epinephrine, norepinephrine and the sympathetic stimulation of the cells. 5) Extra metabolism caused by increased chemical activity in the cells, especially when the cell temperature increases. The main generators of heat in the body represent the internal organs, especially the liver, brain and heart, and in the skeletal muscles during exercise. From these organs the heat is transferred to the skin, where it is lost to the air and other surroundings. According to Guyton and Hall (2000, p.822) the rate at which the body heat is lost is determined by two factors: 1) How rapidly heat can be conducted from where it is produced in the body core to the skin 2) How rapidly heat can then be transferred from the skin to the surroundings. The insulator system of the body, that prevents the heat from

пятница, 26 июля 2019 г.

Contractual Agreement for an Architect in Canada Research Paper

Contractual Agreement for an Architect in Canada - Research Paper Example The general architect is entirely responsible for the construction in accordance with this kind of agreement and for every compensation made for the expenses and performance connected to the subcontractors. The advantages associated with kind of contractual arrangement include: A single prime deal is regularly simpler to manage since it has a centralized task for the architect and client. The transactions made by the client are transferred to one architect, reducing the possibility of confusion, unlike multiple prime contractors. Design plans for the construction are originally arranged by a planning expert. The client then selects one architect to perform the work, following a bidding procedure grounded on the design plans. This is the most widespread of architectural deal used in Canada. This is because another major advantage lays in the plans and requirements being prepared by design experts turning out to be part of the bidding credentials. This way, the client is bound to recei ve high quality outcomes of the construction from the contractors (Quatman and Dhar 342). ... 2. Design-build contractual agreement The Design-build agreement is an accord between a client and an architectural firm that offers design and building services (Hopper 134). An expansion of this kind of contract is a â€Å"turnkey† project where the contractor gets project funding, acquires land, offers blueprint and construction services, and delivers the final product to the client, available for occupancy. The advantages of using this kind of contractual agreement include: Saving time, an aspect of the sort of  contract an architect might go into when offering archetypal Design-Bid-Build services. Nevertheless, time is not considered a major factor in architecture in comparison with the expenses, construction and quality of the project. The association with a quick track program, able to eliminate the possibility of incorporated designs. The programs frequently imply that each period of the building phase is spent with the occupants to determine their requirements in th e new building (OAA 2011). When the designer operates for the builder, instead of working directly for the client, checks and balances existing in other techniques’ are mislaid. The architect and contractor’s engineer, otherwise known as the ‘clerk of the works’ in Canada, are normally depended upon to maintain the trend made by the construction. This approach of the contract assures that the builder sticks to the plans and regulations of the contract. Under such an observation, the client is guaranteed adherence and honor to the contract made with the construction organization (Quatman and Dhar 342). Certain disadvantages may arise from this kind of contractual agreement depending on the organization and builders the client has awarded. The demerits

Humans, Technology, Nature and Spirituality Movie Review

Humans, Technology, Nature and Spirituality - Movie Review Example Spirituality mainly fortifies the link between nature and individuals; hence, someone can interact with nature through religion. Nonetheless, technology appears to destroy the bond between persons and nature. According to the film, Baraka technology appears to destroy nature instead of connecting individuals to it. I, therefore, concur with the movie Baraka, as it shows the unique relationship that individuals share with nature. For instance, the film shows scenes whereby individuals are connecting with nature through worshipping, and this shows a special relationship between humans, nature, and spirituality (Fricke, 2008). Such spirituality connection is seen through the intimacy between the Australian aboriginals with nature. They have an exceptional spiritual correlation that allows them to bond with nature. The Australian aboriginals also preserve nature due to their religious beliefs. Therefore, I also trust that spirituality enables us to protect nature and ensure that no one devastates it. Through our beliefs we can conserve the population, for instance, personally I believe that nature is a special form of healing. I meditate regularly, and due to this, I ensure that the surroundings are well preserved. However, at times our beliefs appear to disrupt us, and we end up destroying the environment (Fricke, 2008). Hence, unlike technology spirituality appears to be the linking force between persons and nature.

четверг, 25 июля 2019 г.

Strategic Alliance of two companies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Strategic Alliance of two companies - Essay Example After being aligned together Sony Ericsson in a short span of time captured the market share of Nokia, Motorola and Samsung. The main reason behind this gaining of market share was the reasonable price of the phone, additional features, attractive looking of the mobile phones. Slowly and gradually they are making advancement in technologies and bring better phones into the market for the consumers. The consumers are satisfied with the products of Sony Ericsson and the eye catching mobile phones of Sony Ericsson are a brand in the minds of the customers. The Stylishness of the phone along with the features including Camera, Blue tooth, Infrared, Java enabled games, mp3 player being available at a reasonable price, and easy to use mobile phone. Most consumers are opting for the Sony Ericsson Mobile phones. With the changing times, people have started to adapt to changing technologies and quite rightly so, Sony Ericsson has caught on the bandwagon well. Strategic alliances are chances for small businesses to achieve things that would otherwise take much more money or staff time. There are several ways small businesses can work together with other business unit. While you may be courageously stepping down the path of running and increasing your businesses, there may come a time when you need to form strategic alliances for your business. Given the current state of business today, competitive pressures are forcing companies to come-up with creative ways to improve brand identity, attach with clientele and draw top-notch staff. Corporations are teaming up more today to enhance their competitiveness in the marketplace and keep speed with the quick modification of technological improvement. More than 20,000 corporate alliances have been formed worldwide over the past two years. Strategic alliances are shaped when one company alone cannot fill the gap in helping the needs

среда, 24 июля 2019 г.

3-5 minute speech outline (any topic) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

3-5 minute speech outline (any topic) - Essay Example This increases efficiency and saves on time in business transactions (USTR, 2010). In 2007, SMEs contributed $480 billion value of goods and services sold in the foreign market (USTR, 2010). This amounted to approximately 41% of the total exports that year (USTR, 2010). SMES account for nearly 40% of the export related jobs in the US (USTR, 2010). This further shows the importance of SMEs in trade and the economy. There are trade barriers that adversely affect performance of SMES. First, there are discriminatory policies with regards to SMEs. For instance, they may lack the financial resources and expertise to compete in international markets. Second, SMEs are faced by higher taxes as they contribute largely to the manufacturing industry (USTR, 2010). Third, they encounter challenges in standards and certification through licensing and inadequate property protection. In a nutshell, SMEs play a vital role in domestic and foreign trade. The government should therefore review the policies governing them to promote their growth and development for greater benefit of intensified

вторник, 23 июля 2019 г.

Resolving conflicts Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Resolving conflicts - Essay Example This research will begin with the statement that teams and groups are inherent parts of the organization, where they exist naturally. Even the formation of groups within organization occurs as part of an instinctive process that involves forming, storming, norming, performing, and adjourning. According to social identity theory, people tend to identify themselves with a particular group, reacting in certain ways to the success or failure of that particular group. A great variety of projects are completed in groups where each individual member contributes with his or her share of knowledge and skills. Thus, groups exist as central players in the workplace. Groups contribute immensely to the corporate culture of an organization. The present research has identified that groups shape member behavior to a great extent and this has implications on efficiency. The right set of group dynamics play a vital role in determining successful execution of an objective. It is evidently clear from th e discussion that groups also turn out to be more efficient than their individual counterparts. It takes the right combination of individuals within the group to work successfully and it is common for members to face with diverse peers within a group. This paper illustrates that in order to enhance the productivity of the group, some variables such as size, cohesiveness, and group culture, can be adjusted.

понедельник, 22 июля 2019 г.

War on Terror Facts Essay Example for Free

War on Terror Facts Essay Terrorists, by definition, fight an entirely different type of war. Acts of terrorism are not perpetrated by soldiers, they are carried out by individuals, or groups of individuals, who have no other recourse but to lash out at the nations that they perceive as their oppressors with whatever tools they have available. They strap bombs on their backs, walk into areas crowded with people, and strike a blow for the cause. Car bombs, snipers, hijacked airplanes, it makes no difference how the terrorist act is accomplished, as long as it has the desired effect. There are no rules of warfare, no governments to be held accountable, and no moral standards to be upheld. Now we find ourselves, as Americans, waging war against an army of individuals that have no common country, government, or ethical measure to which they can be held accountable. Their numbers increase exponentially as we drop smart bombs, and roll tanks over the very people that the terrorists fight to liberate from oppression, further fueling the fire of hatred that burns for us and what we stand for. Whether the U. S. s seen as a liberator, freeing the people from oppressive Fundamentalists, or the Fundamentalists are seen as Freedom Fighters liberating the people from an occupying force, the reason for the conflict is irrelevant. This article is meant only to bring about discussion as to how to end it. The fact is that we are currently fighting a war under terms in which we cannot possibly win, our enemies know it, and they are emboldened by it. Since the beginning of America’s War on Global Terrorism, the number of terrorists in has increased, as have the bombings and casualties, and not just in Iraq. The increase of terrorist activities has increased worldwide, and despite what our leaders tell us, there is no end in sight. If we continue on this course, we will lose this fight. You can win a war against an opposing country or government, but you can’t win a war against an enemy that has no boundaries, no limits, no leader to concede defeat, or an enemy army that gains 10 new recruits for every casualty inflicted. At least not by using conventional methods and abiding by any type of moral code or rules of warfare. The importance of this cliched expression cannot be underestimated. Victories on the battlefield or in the interrogation rooms are meaningless if terror networks can continue to recruit from a large wellspring of discontented youth. And that is exactly what is happening. The wave of horror and sympathy for the victims that spread across much of the Arab and Muslim world after 11 September has long ago changed to something else. America is seen as having capitalised on those attacks by trying to conquer Muslim countries Afghanistan and Iraq. The war on Saddam was seen by many as an unwarranted attack on a largely defenceless civilian population, already emaciated by 12 years of UN sanctions. Washingtons military and diplomatic support for Israel still the bete noire for most Arabs is undiminished. Unfairly, many young Arabs blame their unemployment and lack of a political voice on a US-Zionist conspiracy aimed at somehow suppressing Muslims. But there is also now a growing conviction that the Bush administration has acquired a taste for regime change and will not stop at Baghdad. Threats to Syria and Iran to change their policies only confirm that view. Against this backdrop it is hardly surprising that the US and its close ally Britain are losing the battle for Arab and Muslim hearts and minds

воскресенье, 21 июля 2019 г.

Impact of Mental Health Act 2007 on Children

Impact of Mental Health Act 2007 on Children The amendments introduced into the Mental Health Act 1983 by the Mental Health Act 2007, amending s.131 of the 1983 Act, in relation to the informal admission of 16 and 17 year olds is, at last, a step in the right direction and goes some way to addressing an unsatisfactory failure to recognise the right to autonomy of a competent child. Critically analyse this statement with regard to the law relating to the medical treatment of children. Introduction In order to analyse whether the Mental Health Act 2007 has given new rights to children in respect of autonomy it is necessary to examine the way in which children were treated before the introduction of the Act. In doing this it will be necessary to examine the various Acts that have been implemented and the content of these with regard to the rights of children. It is hoped to be able to draw a conclusion from the research as to the effectiveness of the 2007 Act in allowing children to be able to make decisions about their own medical treatment. Consent to treatment Consent to medical treatment is founded on the principle of the respect for autonomy, which has been encompassed in Article 5 and Article 8 of the Human Rights Act 1998. Many doctors are of the opinion that there is a legal requirement for consent to medical treatment (Kessel, 1994). Informed consent has become an issue following several cases against doctors on allegations of negligence and battery (Faden and Beauchamp, 1986). Supporters of the Human Rights Act 1998 believe that mature minors should be protected under the right to a private life and should be able to insist on not having their wishes overridden (Hagger, 2003). Patient autonomy has been the impetus behind legislative changes in relation to the issue of consent. Faden and Beauchamp (1986) believed that the aim of the process of consent is to allow the patient the maximum opportunity to reach an autonomous decision. They believed that this could also be achieved by persuasion through convincing the patient of the benefits of the treatment by appealing to their sense of reason. Internationally the Nuremberg Code 1947 and the World Medical Association Declaration of Helsinki 1964 have attempted to increase patient autonomy, particularly with regard to medical research. The Human Rights Act 1998 has also increased the rights of autonomy which impacts on not only adult patients but also on adolescents who are deemed to be competent to make such decisions (Hewson, 2000). In terms of legislation on the issue of autonomy the Family Law Reform Act 1991 was enacted to give 16 and 17 year old a greater degree of autonomy over their treatment. In essence the notion of the Act was that a person in the stipulated age range would be entitled to decide whether or not to accept the treatment offered. Unfortunately there was a reluctance to give full autonomy to adolescents and so in order to allow a degree of parental control s8(3) of the Act was inserted which stated that ‘nothing in this section shall be construed as making ineffective any consent which would have been effective had the section not been enacted’. This effectively allowed a parent to still give consent on the part of the adolescent if they refused the treatment. The Mental Health Act 1983 did little to assist with autonomy especially when in relation to the autonomy of a child. Under this Act parents or carers of children with mental disorders were given even less autonomy then under the previous legislation. Under the 1983 Act the competence of the patient was even more difficult to establish in cases where the patient was suffering from a mental disorder. It was viewed that such a disorder was likely to lead to the patient being less able to decide whether the treatment would be beneficial to them. The Mental Health Act 1983 Code of Practice regards parental authority for treatment and detention sufficient irrespective if the competence of the child (Department of Health and Welsh Office, 1999). In 1989 the Children Act attempted to provide a child with a degree of autonomy by granting them limited rights to refuse medical treatment. However, the courts were instructed to view the refusal of the child in line with the professional’s perception of the best interests of the child. This effectively meant that a doctor could override the wishes of the child if he were able to display that the treatment would benefit the child. Similar attempts at increasing autonomy were contained within the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child 1991 which stated that children should have the same dignity and rights of an adult when making a decision concerning their treatment. Article 12 of the convention states that ‘†¦the child who is capable of forming his or her own views has the right to express those views freely in all matters affecting the child: the views of the child being given due weight in accordance with age and maturity of the child. the child shall in particular be provided with the opportunity to be heard in any surgical or administrative proceedings affecting the child directly; or through a representative body. The Convention was, however, reluctant to allow total autonomy and made it clear that despite the right to autonomy children are dependent on their parents or carers and need protection and guidance. This in essence allows those caring for a child who is refusing treatment to insist on the child receiving the treatment on the grounds that they are incapable of making their own decisions and need the guidance of their parents. In 1999 the Department of Health conducted the Mental Health Act Review in which it recommended the lowering of the age of capacity for decision making to 16 and inserted a presumption that a child is regarded as competent from the age of 10. Distinction between consent and refusal of treatment Whilst accepting that there are occasions when the child should be regarded as competent to give consent the courts have been reluctant to allow a child to refuse to treatment. In order for consent to be given by a minor the court need to be satisfied that the child is competent enough to be able to make such a decision. This was tested in the case of Gillick v West Norfolk and Wisbech Area Health Authority [1986] in which Lord Scarman ruled that the parental right to determine whether their child below the age of 16 will have medical treatment terminates if and when the child achieves a sufficient understanding and intelligence to enable them to understand fully what is proposed . This case led to the formation of the principle of Gillick competence. In assessing the ability of the child to give consent the courts use the above case as a yardstick for determining the competence of the child. Although the case mentioned above would appear to open the floodgates for children to be able to assert their right with regard to consent to treatment those who are suffering from a mental disorder are unlikely to be able to rely on this. This was the case in Re R (A minor) (Wardship: Medical Treatment) [1991] in which a 15 year old who had been admitted to hospital with a suspected psychotic illness and who had refused medication was forced to receive treatment. At the Court of Appeal the judge held that a child who had a fluctuating mental capacity as in the instant case could never be considered to be competent. In the case of Re W (A minor) (Wardship: Medical Treatment) [1992] the court held that a parent’s right to consent was not extinguished by the Family Law Reform Act 1969. In this case a 16 year old girl who was suffering from anorexia nervosa was refusing treatment for her condition. Case law regarding the compulsive treatment is at a variance to the treatment of adults. A competent adult is entitled to refuse medical treatment even if the reason for the refusal is irrational. A competent adult can also refuse treatment without any specific reason for refusing as was demonstrated in Sidaway v Governors of Bethlem Royal Hospital [1985]. There have also been occasions where adults who have been detained under the Mental Health Act 1983 have not been regarded as wholly incompetent. This was held to be the case in Re C (Adult: Refusal of treatment) [1994] in which the patient who was schizophrenic refused to have his foot amputated despite the fact that it was gangrenous and that by not having it removed it was likely that he would die. In this particular case the patient accepted a less invasive treatment which resulted in the foot returning to normal without the need to amputate. It can be concluded from the above that within English law a minor has the right to consent to treatment but is denied the right to refuse treatment. One of the major concerns expressed by doctors with regard to the refusal of treatment is that the essence of medical opinion is that they are required as doctors to act in the best interests of their patient. Allowing the patient to refuse treatment denies the doctors the right to act in the patient’s best interests. Test for competence The British Medical Association alongside the Law Society (1995) published guidelines to assist in determining the competence of a child. Assessments are based on the determining whether the child understands the choices available, the consequences of each of those choices and that they are able to make those choices. The person carrying out the assessment should ensure that the child has not been pressured to make the choice they are making. Most doctors will consider the rationality of the decision made by the child, however they should consider these choices in context of the emotions of the parties, their experience and the social context (Dickenson, 1994; Rushforth, 1999). The maturity of the child has also been a deciding factor in the assessment of competence. Children mature at different rates and maturity can be affected by the role of the parents in the child’s life (Alderson, 1993). Maturity is of particular relevance in relation to mental health issues of the child. Batten (1996) argues that maturity can be difficult to determine as their can be a harsh fluctuation in the maturity level of a child with a mental disorder. Gersch (2002) believes that professionals should be trained in child development so as to understand the thought processes of the child. by understanding the way they think the professionals can determine whether the child is making a decision of their own free will or whether the child has been coerced by those responsible for the care of the child. Alderson (1996) believes that in assessing the competence of the child consideration should be given of the child’s understanding of their condition. Alderson holds that an assessment of the child’s experience of their illness will disclose their level of maturity and understanding of the consequences of the refusal of treatment. Chapman (1988) felt that using the age of the child as a traditional measure of competence was flawed as children mature at different levels. Using age as a measure failed to take into account those suffering with mental disorders, some of whom were unlikely to ever be competent enough to make a decision in their own right. Ethics and consent When dealing with adult patients with mental disorders the emphasis is on allowing the patient to make autonomous decisions. By contrast with children the major deciding factor is the welfare of the child as expressed by those who have parental responsibility for them and the medical staff treating the child. The Mental Health Act 2007 is an attempt to redress this imbalance by accepting that children mature at a much earlier age nowadays and that in the past the parents have made decisions regarding the child’s treatment without proper consideration of the quality of life the child will have (Dickenson, 1994). Given that it is the children who have to live with the decisions that are being made about their treatment the 2007 Act seems to enforce the right of the child to be able to make their own decisions. Mental illness and treatment Much of the above centres on the rights of children in respect of general medical treatment and allows for the decision of a child to be overruled where the situation is regarded as life threatening, as demonstrated in the case mentioned above with a child suffering from anorexia. Shaw (1999) believes that children should be involved as much as possible where refusal of such treatment is only likely to have minor consequences for the child. Rushforth (1999), however, feels that there should be a sliding scale of involvement in the decision making process, with the medical practitioners, parents and children all being actively involved. Rushforth (1999) also believes that even if the admission was formal or compulsory this should not affect the autonomy of the patient in respect of all treatment. It could be argued that overruling the refusal of the child to undergo treatment is tantamount to child abuse, as the child is forced to have treatment against their will. The impact of the Mental Health Act 2007 From 1 January 2008 16 and 17year olds can no longer be admitted to hospital for treatment for a mental disorder based on the consent of a person who has parental responsibility for them. The change in legislation has been into section 43 of the Mental Health Act 2007 and states (4) If the patient does not consent to the making of the arrangements, they may not be made, carried out or determined on the basis of the consent of a person who has parental responsibility for him. By virtue of subsection (3) a person aged 16 or 17 is able to give consent for an informal admission to hospital even if those who have parental responsibility for them refuse to consent. (3) If the patient consents to the making of the arrangements, they may be made, carried out and determined on the basis of that consent even though there are one or more persons who have parental responsibility for him. Given that this section only came into force since January 2008 there is no case law available to prove that the legislation will be fully adhered to. It is unclear from the information available whether exceptions will apply where the refusal of treatment can be overruled. Life threatening conditions In some spheres eating disorders have been regarded as a form of mental illness. Since the change in legislation to the Mental Health Act whereby 16 and 17 year olds can refuse medical treatment it is likely that conditions such as anorexia nervosa will be classified as illnesses rather then mental abnormalities. Should such conditions be classed as mental illnesses this would effectively mean that an adolescent could refuse treatment thereby starving themselves to death. Before the introduction of the 2007 Act patients with eating disorders where compulsorily admitted to hospital for treatment under the Mental Health Act 1983. Compulsory treatment for this condition has been deemed to be compatible with the Human Rights Act 1998 although many have questioned the legitimacy over parental consent being applied where the sufferer is aged between 16 and 18. In the white paper ‘The New Legal Framework’ published in 2000 it was recommended that the amended Mental Health Act should introduce community detention powers, at the same time as altering the detention and representation rights of children (Department of Health, 2000a). It was argued that the definition of mental disorder, as would be amended by the 2007 Act, would become to broad and concerns were expressed that should anorexia be regarded as a mental disorder difficulties might arise in being able to force feed sufferers as doctors have been able to in the past (Royal College of Psychiatrists, 2001). This point was raised during the early stages of the Bill. In an attempt to prevent such an anomaly the white paper suggested that the limits of the definition of mental disorder should be clearly set. According to the Royal College of Psychiatrists (2001) the proposed amendments to the definition were sufficient and would not cause any difficulty when dealing with a patient with an eating disorder. In their report they stated that as the main treatment was in making the patient eat it could be argued that this was not medication and therefore the patient would not be able to refuse in reliance on the Act as this specifically deals with the refusal of medication (Szmukler et al, 1995). It was also felt that someone suffering from an eating disorder could be admitted under a formal admission process as there was a severe medical risk to the sufferer. Since s43 deals specifically with informal admissions and the right of the patient to refuse to be informally admitted, classification of the illness as a severe medical risk could be used to for malise the admission which would mean that the patient would not be able to refuse admission relying on the Act. Capacity and the Mental Health Act Changes to the Mental Capacity Act 2005 have been included within the 2007 Act which assists those dealing with patients with eating disorders to be able to detain the person under a formal admission. Section 50 of the 2007 Act deals specifically with the deprivation of liberty and highlights the occasions where a patient can be deprived of their liberty. The amendments have the effect of inserting into the 2005 Act the following 4B Deprivation of liberty necessary for life-sustaining treatment etc (3) The second condition is that the deprivation of liberty— (a) is wholly or partly for the purpose of— (i) giving P life-sustaining treatment, or (ii) doing any vital act, or (b) consists wholly or partly of— (i) giving P life-sustaining treatment, or (ii) doing any vital act. (4) The third condition is that the deprivation of liberty is necessary in order to— (a) give the life-sustaining treatment, or (b) do the vital act. (5) A vital act is any act which the person doing it reasonably believes to be necessary to prevent a serious deterioration in P’s condition.† By including this provision into the 2005 Act doctors can insist on hospitalisation and treatment of a person with an eating disorder on the grounds that the treatment is necessary in order to sustain life. During the discussions leading up to the change in the Mental Health Act the Government expressed concern about the use of compulsory powers following a diagnosis of mental disorder (Department of Health, 2000b). In the New Legal Framework paper it specified that there should be an assessment period of a maximum of 28 days where compulsory treatment could be given. After the expiration of this period a tribunal will be required to authorise a care plan guided by the opinion of an expert. Those responsible for the treatment of patients with anorexia nervosa argued that the patient would be unlikely to have significantly improved within 28 days and would still lack the necessary capacity to make rational decisions as the condition has the effect of impairing the mental capacity of the patient. The paper also suggested that in some instances patients could be treated through compulsory community treatment as opposed to enforced admission. This was included under section 32 of the 2007 Act. A safety net has been inserted into the amendments such that a community patient can be recalled to hospital if they need medical treatment for their condition. 17E Power to recall to hospital (1) The responsible clinician may recall a community patient to hospital if in his opinion— (a) the patient requires medical treatment in hospital for his mental disorder; and (b) there would be a risk of harm to the health or safety of the patient or to other persons if the patient were not recalled to hospital for that purpose. In cases of eating disorders community treatment might be difficult to monitor or control although it was agreed by those dealing with these disorders that treatment of patient’s at home could be beneficial in preventing relapse. In Somerset and Wessex the Somerset and Wessex Eating Disorders Association has adopted the National Plan of meal support. The role of the meal supporter is to help the person with the disorder to overcome their anxiety about being scrutinised over the foods they are eating. Meal supporters in this area have found that the best way to assist a sufferer is for the meal supporter to eat exactly the same as the sufferer that way the sufferer does not feel that they are being patronised and singled out. Health professionals have agreed that the provision of meal supporters nationally will enable people suffering from eating disorders to be treated in the community rather than having to be hospitalised. Where the condition of the person suffering from an eating disorder is so severe and they are refusing treatment medical practitioners are not limited by the 2007 Act with regard to the compulsory admission of patient’s. Fears that a 16 or 17 year old patient with anorexia nervosa could refuse treatment on reliance of the 2007 Act are unlikely to come to fruition. The treatment of adult patients suffering from this condition since the introduction of the 2007 Act is still carried out through compulsory admission under the Mental Health Act 1983. The recent case of R. (on the application of M) v Homerton University Hospital [2008] EWCA Civ 197 involved a woman in her forties who was suffering from anorexia nervosa. The patient was admitted to hospital under s2 of the 1983 Act and following treatment her condition improved and she was gaining weight. The mother of the applicant indicated to the hospital that she intended to apply to the court for an order of discharge. Realising that this would result in the release of the patient the hospital applied to have the woman detained under s3 of the 1983 Act as well as applying to have the mother displaced as the nearest relative under s29 of the Act. The patient appealed on the grounds that compulsory admission was unlawful. The court disallowed the appeal and concurrent detention was ordered. Using the decision above it would be impossible for a 16 or 17 year old to argue that they had been treated any differently to an adult in the same situation, therefore the courts would be li kely to order compulsory detention. Conclusion From the above it can be concluded that the amendments made by the Mental Health Act 2007 are likely to have a positive impact. The insertion of the right of 16 and 17 year olds to refuse informal admission to hospital for treatment gives them a degree of autonomy that has previously been denied to them. Within the amendment adolescents in this age range are also entitled to insist on informal admission in situations where their parents or carers have refused to allow them to be admitted. The concerns expressed over the treatment of such people with eating disorders has been addressed by allowing doctors to apply for formal admission where the condition of the person has deteriorated to the extent that the condition has become life threatening. The use of compulsory community treatment orders is also likely to be beneficial in dealing with patients with eating disorders as statistics have shown that there is a higher mortality rate amongst those treated compulsorily in hospital then those that have been treated at home or in the community. Bibliography Alderson P, Montgomery J. What about me? Health Service Journal April 1996:22–4. Alderson, P. (1993) Childrens Consent to Surgery. Buckingham: Open University Press. Batten, D. A. (1996) Informed consent by children and adolescents to psychiatric treatment. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 30, 623-632 British Medical Association the Law Society (1995) Assessment of Mental Capacity. London: BMA. Chapman M. Constructive evolution: origins and development of Piaget’s thought. Cambridge University Press, 1988 Department of Health Welsh Office (1999) Mental Health Act 1983 Code of Practice. London: Stationery Office. Department of Health (2000a) Reforming the Mental Health Act White Paper Part 1 ‘The new legal framework’ and Part 2 ‘High risk patients’. London: Department of Health. Department of Health (2000b) Reforming the Mental Health Act White Paper Summary. London: Department of Health. Dickenson, D. (1994) Childrens informed consent to treatment: is the law an ass? Journal of Medical Ethics, 20, 205-206 Faden, R. R. Beauchamp, T. L. (1986) A History and Theory of Informed Consent. Oxford: Oxford University Press Gersch I. Resolving disagreement in special educational needs: a practical guide to conciliation and mediation. Routledge/Falmer, 2002. Hagger L. Some implications of the Human Rights Act 1998 for the medical treatment of children. Medical Law International 2003;6(1):25–51 Hewson, B. (2000) Why the human rights act matters to doctors. BMJ, 30, 780-781. Honig, P, Consent in relation to the treatment of eating disorders, Psychiatric Bulletin (2000) 24: 409-411. doi: 10.1192/pb.24.11.409 Kessel, A. S. (1994) On failing to understand informed consent. British Journal of Hospital Medicine, 52, 235-239 Law Commission (1995) Mental Incapacity (Law Commission Report 231). London: Law Commission (http://www.lawcom.gov.uk/library/lc231/contents.htm). Parekh, S.A, Child consent and the law: an insight and discussion into the law relating to consent and competence, Child: Care, Health and Development, Volume 33,Number 1, January 2007 Blackwell Publishing Potter, R, Child psychiatry, mental disorder and the law: is a more specific statutory framework necessary?, The British Journal of Psychiatry (2004) 184: 1-2 2004 The Royal College of Psychiatrists Royal College of Psychiatrists (2001) White Paper on the Reform of the Mental Health Act 1983. Letter from the Chair of the Colleges Public Policy Committee. 13 June 2001. Royal College of Psychiatrists Rushforth, H. (1999) Communicating with hospitalised children: review and application of research pertaining to childrens understanding of health and illness. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 40, 683-691 Shaw, M. (1999) Treatment Decisions in Young People: The Legal Framework. London: FOCUS, The Royal College of Psychiatrists Research Unit. Szmukler, G, Dare, C. Treasure, J. (1995) Handbook of Eating Disorders. London: Wiley and Sons. Webster, P, ‘Reforming the Mental Health Act’: implications of the Governments white paper for the management of patients with eating disorders, Psychiatric Bulletin (2003) 27: 364-366. http://www.swedauk.org/leaflets/mealsupport.htm

Onderwerp pws studie financiering

Onderwerp pws studie financiering Inleiding Het onderwerp van mijn profiel werkstuk is studiefinanciering geworden omdat het erg speelt momenteel en het voor bijna elke student een noodzaak is. Voor veel studenten zou de afschaffing van studiefinanciering betekenen dat ze hun studie niet kunnen afmaken of à ¼berhaupt beginnen. Omdat ik ook volgend jaar ga studeren leek het me interessant om uit te zoeken wat er allemaal bij studiefinanciering komt kijken en wat dit voor mij betekend. Ook heb ik het macro-economische aspect onderzocht. Begrippen lijst WSF 2000 = Wet studiefinanciering 2000 IB-Groep = De Informatie Beheer Groep DUO = Dienst Uitvoering Onderwijs HBO = Hoger beroeps onderwijs WO = Wetenschappelijk onderwijs Nuffic = Stichting Nederlandse organisatie voor internationale samenwerking in het hoger onderwijs Tertiair = Derde (in de rij) *HBO dus Wat is studiefinanciering in het algemeen? Studeren is vrij duur. Om het voor iedereen in Nederland betaalbaar te maken om een studie te volgen is op 1 september 2000 de Wet studiefinanciering 2000 (WSF 2000) in gegaan. De Informatie Beheer Groep (IB-Groep) verzorgt en controleert de WSF 2000 regeling. Deze wet wordt gefinancierd door belastingbetalers. Dat wil zeggen dat iedere Nederlander met een inkomen aan de studiefinanciering meebetaalt. De Wet studiefinanciering 2000 is er voor MBO en HBOstudenten, en voor studenten aan de Universiteit, Dit geldt alleen voor leerlingen met een voltijdse opleidingen. Als je je opleiding toch in deeltijd wil volgen zal je je studie zelf op een andere manier moeten betalen. Studiefinanciering is een bedrag van de overheid wat je krijgt om tijdens je studie jezelf deels in je levensonderhoud en studiekosten te kunnen voorzien. De studiefinanciering is soms een gift dus na je studie hoef je het niet terug te betalen, soms is het een rentedragende lening en soms een combinatie van deze twee mogelijkheden. Daarnaast is er ook nog een prestatiebeurs, waarbij een lening kan worden veranderd in een gift als je prestaties goed genoeg zijn, dat betekent dus dat je moet slagen binnen een bepaalde tijd. Haal je dit niet dan moet je het gehele geleende bedrag terug betalen. Dus de basisbeurs, de aanvullende beurs en de OV-Chipkaart. De verschillende onderdelen waar Studiefinanciering uit kan bestaan zijn als volgt: de basisbeurs een aanvullende beurs voor studenten met minder rijke ouders een mogelijke rentedragende lening de OV-Chipkaart het collegegeldkrediet Over al deze punten ga ik in de komende hoofdstukken meer uitleg geven. Wanneer heeft men recht op studiefinanciering Als je studiefinanciering wilt ontvangen moet je aan bepaalde voorwaarde voldoen. De voorwaarde zijn onder andere Leeftijd, Nationaliteit en welk onderwijssoort. Leeftijd over het algemeen komt elke student die HBO of WO volgt in aanmerking tot hij/zij 30 jaar is, Een minimale leeftijd hiervoor is er dus niet. De studenten die nog geen 18 zijn hebben vanaf het 1e kwartaal na het begin van je studie ook recht op studiefinanciering. Als je dus op 5 februari begint met studeren aan een HBO of WO opleiding dan heb pas vanaf 1 maart recht op studiefinanciering. Je mag doorstuderen tot je 34 bent als je maar na je 30ste je studiefinanciering niet meer stop zet. Ben je ouder dan 34 dan zijn er geen mogelijkheden meer voor studiefinanciering. Nationaliteit wie voor studiefinanciering in aanmerking wil komen moet een Nederlandse nationaliteit hebben. Er zijn wel een aantal groepen niet Nederlanders die ook in aanmerking komen voor studiefinanciering. Als je geen Nederlander bent maar wel in Nederland woont, dan kan je soms dus toch wel studiefinanciering krijgen. Onderwijssoort Studiefinanciering is er alleen voor studenten die een volledige dagstudie volgen bij een gecertificeerde onderwijsinstelling in Nederland. Er zijn soms uitzonderingen in het HBO of WO (wettenschappelijk onderwijs) voor deeltijd opleidingen. Deze opleidingen staan dan bij de Wet voor het Hoger onderwijs en Wetenschappelijk onderzoek (WHW) aangegeven Welke juridische wetten gelden er voor Studie financiering Er zijn vele honderden wetsartikelen over studiefinanciering, Ik kan deze niet allemaal gaan noemen in verband met het extra paginas die deze zouden toevoegen. De meest belangrijke is de al eerder genoemde Wet studiefinanciering 2000 (WSF) Alleen deze wet bestaat al uit 61 bladzijdes Andere voorbeelden van juridische wetten met betrekking tot studiefinanciering zijn: Wet studiefinanciering 2000 (WSF) Wet tegemoetkoming onderwijsbijdrage en schoolkosten (WTOS) Les- en cursusgeldwet (LCW) Wet op het hoger onderwijs en wetenschappelijk onderzoek (WHW) Wijzigingswet van enkele onderwijswetten in verband met de invoering van persoonsgebonden nummers in het onderwijs (WON) Regeling aanmelding selectie hoger onderwijs Aanvulling regeling aanmelding selectie hoger onderwijs De basisbeurs De basisbeurs is niet afhankelijk van het inkomen van de ouders van de student. Elke student die aan de studiefinancierings eisen voldoet heeft hier recht op. Dat is hetzelfde geval bij de OV-Chipkaart. De basisbeurs verschilt bij uitwonende en bij thuiswonende studenten. Bij uitwonende is deze namelijk veel hoger, en het maakt verschil of de student hoger onderwijs (HBO of WO) of beroepsonderwijs volgt. Met ingang van 2010 bedraagt de basisbeurs voor studenten in het HBO en WO: voor uitwonende studenten 259,76 euro voor thuiswonende studenten 93,23 euro In het beroepsonderwijs: voor uitwonende studenten 240,02 euro voor thuiswonende studenten 73,56 euro De aanvullende beurs De aanvullende beurs werkt anders dan de basisbeurs bij deze beurs is het namelijk wel van belang hoe hoog het inkomen van de ouders is. Het peiljaar voor ouderlijk inkomen: Om de draagkracht van de ouders zo goed mogelijk in te schatten wordt het ouderlijk inkomen van 2 jaar geleden gekozen als peiljaar dus indien het 2010 is word 2008 als peiljaar gebruikt. En wordt er gekeken welk inkomen beide ouders in 2008 hadden. De hoogte van dit inkomen bepaalt uit eindelijk of men er recht op heeft en als er recht op is hoe hoog deze aanvullende beurs dan wordt. Ouderbijdrage: De DUO ( Dienst Uitvoering Onderwijs) voorheen IB-Groep Bepaalt aan de hand van het inkomen van de ouders de ouderbijdrage Dit is het bedrag waarvan verwacht wordt dat de ouders het zelf kunnen betalen. Dit bedrag is bepalend omdat dit de uiteindelijke hoogte van de aanvullende beurs bepaalt. De ouderbijdrage wordt van de maximale aanvullende beurs afgetrokken Als de ouderbijdrage dus hoger of gelijk aan de aanvullende beurs is dan heeft de student hier geen recht op. De hieronder staande gegevens zijn dus voor een student zonder ouderbijdrage. Met ingang van 2010 bedraagt de aanvullende beurs voor studenten in het HBO en WO (Wetenschappelijk Onderwijs): voor een uitwonende student 231,43 euro voor een thuiswonende student 211,99 euro In het beroepsonderwijs voor een uitwonende student 319,27 euro voor een thuiswonende student 299,82 euro De rentedragende lening De rentedragende lening is een echte lening die dus ook later terug betaald moet worden. Deze lening is alleen beschikbaar voor studenten die ook recht hebben op studiefinanciering. Hoe hoog deze lening kan zijn is afhankelijk van het soort opleiding en de woonsituatie. Hoeveel geld de student uiteindelijk leent is zijn eigen keuzen. Dit bedrag varieert van 10 euro per maand tot soms wel 600 euro per maand. Studenten vergeten vaak dat dit hele bedrag ook terug moet worden betaald, inclusief rente. En dat de studie schuld al snel oploopt tot enkele duizenden euros die na de studie met zijn/haar eerste baan met een waarschijnlijk niet al te hoog start salaris lastig wordt om terug te worden betaald. Collegegeld krediet Sinds 1 september is het naast een gewone rentedragende lening ook mogelijk om bij DUO een speciale lening aan te vragen speciaal voor het benodigde collegegeld Net als de rentedragende lening moet de collegegeld lening ook na de studie terugbetaald worden volgens de zelfde afspraken als de gewone studie financiering. Over het aflossen en eventueel kwijt schelden van de lening, het dus omzetten naar een gift leg ik later meer uit. De maximale hoogte van het collegegeld krediet wordt bepaald door de hoogte van het wettelijke collegegeld van dat jaar. Bijvoorbeeld van 2008 tot 2009 toen bedroeg het 1565, euro en dat is dus ook de maximale toegestane hoeveelheid die geleend kan worden De OV-Chipkaart In 1991 werd de OV-studentenkaart ingevoerd. De studentenkaart werd ingevoerd omdat de individuele reiskostenvergoeding te veel administratie met zich meebracht. Er waren meerdere argumenten voor de invoering van de OV-studentenkaart. Zo zou de regering veel minder geld kwijt zijn aan reiskostenvergoeding, en werd de basisbeurs bij elke student met 60 gulden verlaagd. Dit gold voor alle studenten, of ze wel of niet van het openbaar vervoer gebruik maakten. Een ander argument was het gebruik van het openbaar vervoer verhogen. Bovendien zouden studenten na de studieperiode nog steeds gebruik blijven maken van het openbaarvervoer. Wie recht heeft op studiefinanciering heeft ook recht op een OV-Chipkaart, vroeger heette dit de OV-Studenten kaart. Met de kaart kan je als student onbeperkt reizen met het openbaar vervoer. Er zijn 2 soorten chipkaarten, de weekeind en de week kaart. Met de weekeinde kaart mag je vanaf vrijdag 12:00 s middags tot en met het einde van de dienstregeling op zondagnacht. Met een week-OV mag je maandag tot en met vrijdag tot het einde van de dienstregeling gratis reizen. Een OV-kaart is ook een prestatie lening. Als je binnen 10 jaar niet slaagt, moet je het hele bedrag dat je OV-kaart waard was terug betalen, (90 * 10 * aantal jaar) Sinds wanneer is er studiefinanciering en wat is hier de geschiedenis van: Studiebeurzen ontstonden rond 1815, echter was het toen alleen beschikbaar voor hoogbegaafde en wat minder rijke mensen die toch ergens goed in waren. In de daarop volgende jaren kwam er steeds meer geld beschikbaar voor studiebeurzen. Het werd zelfs verdrievoudigd zodat steeds meer mensen konden gaan studeren die het eerder niet konden betalen. Maar er werd nog weinig gebruik van gemaakt omdat er een leenstelsel was en je bijna alles moest terug betalen na je studie Het Budget wordt in 1954 weer verhoogd om meer studenten een lening te kunnen verschaffen. Nu konden er meer mensen gaan studeren en nam het aantal aanvragen toe. Ook de wat rijkere studenten zorgden ervoor dat het aantal aanvragen toenam aangezien zij geen studiefinanciering nodig hadden. Omdat het overheidsbudget niet mocht worden overschreden werden er steeds hogere eisen aan studenten gesteld. Dit zorgde ervoor dat alleen de aller-slimste of kinderen van rijke ouders op de universiteit kwamen. In 1986 werd de aanvullende beurs en de prestatiebeurs ingevoerd. Studenten met armere ouders kregen een hogere toeslag. De hoogte van deze toelage was is wel afhankelijk van het inkomen van je ouders, het soort onderwijs dat je volgt en of je thuis wonend of uit huis was. Met de invoering van dit nieuwe systeem ontstonden er veel problemen. De kosten werden steeds hoger, en het stelsel was erg lastig en ingewikkeld. In 1990 werd er het onderwijs bezuinigd. Studenten kregen hierdoor minder studiefinanciering en kwamen in de problemen. In 1997 was er weinig tevredenheid meer over het nieuwe studiefinancieringsstelsel. Er waren al weer plannen voor een nieuw stelsel maar dit is door onderlinge ruzies in de verschillende partijen niet door gegaan. De Commissie Vermeend werd in 2002 opgericht om oplossingen te bedenken. Er word vandaag de dag nog gediscussieerd over de afschaffing van de basisbeurs, door bijvoorbeeld Wouter Bos (PVDA) die voor de afschaffing van de basisbeurs is. Als vervanging zou er een nieuw leenstelsel moeten komen. Maar daar is nog veel onduidelijkheid over, de VVD en GroenLinks zijn voor de invoering van een leenstelsel en D66, PVV en de SP tegen de invoering en dus voor het behoud van de basisbeurs. De afschaffing van de basisbeurs wordt een van de grote politieke knelpunten voor de aankomende verkiezingen. Studiefinanciering in het buitenland Je kunt vaak je studiefinanciering meenemen naar het buitenland. Maar er zijn wel verschillende eisen voor De eisen die van toepassing zijn om voor studiefinanciering in Nederland in aanmerking te komen, zoals leeftijd, nationaliteit en voltijds onderwijs gelden ook voor studiefinanciering in het buitenland. Er gelden ook nog enkele andere voorwaarden namelijk: De 3 jaren eis De Nederlandse regering wil alleen studiefinanciering meegeven aan studenten die een band met Nederland hebben. Daarom moet je minstens drie jaar legaal in Nederland hebben gewoond in de zes jaar voor dat je studiefinanciering in het buitenland in zou moeten gaan. Niet van twee walletjes genieten Als je Nederlandse studiefinanciering ontvangt en je ontvangt in het buitenland ook nog een studietoelage van de locale overheid, Dan heb je geen recht meer op Nederlandse studiefinanciering. Kwaliteit buitenlandse opleiding De opleiding die in het buitenland gevolgd gaat worden moeten van goede kwaliteit zijn. Hoger onderwijs in het buitenland verschilt erg van het Hoger onderwijs in Nederland. De diploma dat je aan het einde van de opleiding in het buitenland hebt gehaald, moet minstens van het zelfde niveau zijn als een diploma van een Nederlandse HBO opleiding. Als je een opleiding volgt die niet lijdt tot een diploma kan je ook geen studiefinanciering ontvangen, bijvoorbeeld de non-degree opleidingen in Amerika. Nuffic is een bedrijf dat DUO adviseert als het gaat om de kwaliteit en het niveau van buitenlandse opleidingen. Het gaat hierbij om het hogere onderwijs en of dat vergelijkbaar is met Nederlandse bachelor of masteropleidingen. Het is meestal niet mogelijk om van te voren uit te zoeken of de opleiding van vergelijkbaar niveau is. Omdat het onderwijssysteem te veel verschilt van het Nederlandse systeem wordt meestal in eerst instantie studiefinanciering toegekend. Op basis van je gehaalde diploma wordt achteraf door de DUO bepaald of je studiefinanciering wordt omgezet in een gift. Hoe hoog is studiefinanciering en hoe bepaal/bereken je dat? het hangt van verschillende factoren af hoe hoog je uiteindelijke studiefinanciering is. De volgende punten wegen mee in het bepalen van de basisbeurs. het verzamelinkomen of belastbaar inkomen van je vader en je moeder hoeveel broers en zussen je hebt tussen de 12 en 18 jaar, die zelf geen studiefinanciering aanvragen voor het hoger onderwijs hoeveel broers en zussen je hebt die een opleiding volgen in het voortgezet onderwijs (mavo, havo, vwo) of het voortgezet speciaal onderwijs en ouder zijn dan 18. hoeveel broers en zussen je hebt die een aanvullende beurs krijgen Op de website van DUO kan je zelf met al de bovenstaande gegevens de hoogte van je basisbeurs berekenen. Deze kan je dan aanvragen als je in het bezit bent van een digID. De hoogtes van de Studiefinanciering veranderen per jaar, en worden elk jaar door DUO vastgesteld. De vastgestelde waardes voor 2010 kan je vinden in een van de vorige hoofdstukken. Studieschuld bij de IB-Groep Er zijn veel studenten met schulden, er zijn meerder verschillende manieren om een schuld bij de IB-Groep krijgen. Er kan schuld ontstaan doordat je niet aan de prestatienorm hebt voldaan aan en de lening dus niet word omgezet in een gift, of doordat je zelf een lening bij de IB-Groep hebt aanvraagt. De schuld die je bij de IB-Groep kan hebben kan worden verdeeld in langlopende schulden en kortlopende schulden. Kortlopende studieschulden Kortlopende schulden moeten op korte termijn worden afgelost, bijvoorbeeld terwijl je nog studiefinanciering ontvangt. Tot de kortlopende schulden behoren: te veel uitgekeerde studiefinanciering, bijvoorbeeld te veel aanvullende beurs of onterecht ontvangen basisbeurs onterecht bezit van de Ov-studentenkaart De IB-Groep laat je weten hoeveel geld je had horen te krijgen en wat je schuld is. De IB-Groep maakt ook bekend op welke manier je dit bedrag terug moet betalen. Zolang je nog studiefinanciering ontvangt zal de IB-Groep deze schuld verrekenen met je studiebeurs, met een maximaal bedrag van 144,28 euro per maand. Langlopende schulden Langlopende schulden zijn schulden uit: rentedragende leningen en leningen die veroorzaakt worden door het niet halen van de tempo- of prestatienorm een kortlopende schuld die is omgezet in een langlopende schuld. Het aflossen van langlopende schulden begint met een aanloopfase en sluit af met een afloopfase Aanloopfase Als je afgestudeerd bent, of als je met je opleiding stopt, dan begint op 1 januari volgend op de datum waarop je met je studie bent gestopt de aanlooptijd van twee jaar te lopen. Tijdens je studie betaal ook rente over het geleende bedrag per jaar. Voor 2010 is de rente op 2,39 procent vastgesteld In de aanloopfase bent je nog niet verplicht om de schuld af te lossen, wel begint vanaf 1 januari de rente te lopen over je langlopende schuld. De rente wordt voor vijf jaar vastgesteld. Het is slim om al te beginnen met aflossen zo betaal je minder rente. Aflosfase Na de aanloopfase begint gelijk de aflosfase. Deze fase duurt maximaal 15 jaar, en je van verplicht om minimaal per maand 45,41 euro af te lossen. Mocht hiermee je schuld niet binnen 15 jaar afgelost zijn, dan wordt bepaald wat je maandelijks moet gaan betalen om wel binnen 15 jaar je schuld te hebben afbetaald. De hoogte van dit nieuwe maandelijkse bedrag wordt precies zo vastgesteld dat je na 15 jaar precies de hele schuld inclusief rente hebt betaald. Kwijtschelding Na de aflosfase van 15 jaar kan de IB-Groep overgaan tot kwijtschelding van je schuld. Dat kan alleen als je voldoet aan de volgende voorwaarden: er is tot het einde van de aflosfase een lager maandbedrag berekend vanwege een laag inkomen het inkomen van de partner heeft steeds meegeteld bij de berekening van het maandbedrag. Eigen mening Ik kan na afloop van dit onderzoek een mening vormen over het huidige stelsel. Ik heb mezelf er dusdanig in verdiept dat ik nu goed weet hoe het in elkaar zit, ook voor later als ik het zelf nodig heb. Ik vind dat het huidige stelsel over het algemeen goed geregeld is, er is genoeg duidelijkheid qua regelgeving en ook de hoogtes van de studiefinanciering zijn makkelijk te berekenen op de website van DUO. Een van de negatieve punten die ik heb gevonden is het meetellen van het belastbaar inkomen van je ouders. Ik vind dit een negatief punt omdat de meeste ouders hun kinderen niet oneindig geld blijven geven en dit enorm scheelt voor de basisbeurs die je als student ontvangt. Als je uit huis gaat en veel zelf moet bekostigen is het erg jammer als het inkomen van bijvoorbeeld je vader waar je dus niet bij inwoont soms wel 150 euro per maand minder aan studiefinanciering oplevert. Tenzij je ouders dit compenseren door zelf geld te geven loop je dit bedrag wat van de overheid komt dus gewoon mis. Ook de aanvullende beurs wordt beà ¯nvloed door het inkomen van je ouders. Als ik zelf een stelsel mocht maken gebaseerd op dit stelsel zou ik enkele punten wijzigen namelijk: de mate waarin het belastbaar inkomen meetelt, het moet natuurlijk wel uitmaken hoeveel ze verdienen maar het moet niet te veel geld schelen. En ik zou studenten minder makkelijk geld laten bij lenen. Je kan nu zonder enige moeite 500 euro per maand bij lenen, en dit loopt na 4 tot 5 jaar studeren al snel op tot een hoog en moeizaam terugbetaalbaar bedrag. Vooral met je startsalaris net na je studie wordt dit erg vervelend om terug te betalen. Ik zou de voordelen van het toekomstige leenstelsel en dit stelsel en het oude stelstel wat alleen voor de behoeftige was combineren. Om zo het ideale stelsel te creà «ren wat goed in elkaar zit met een duidelijke regelgeving en weinig rompslomp en voordelen voor alle deelnemende partijen. Slot Ik heb best wel wat geleerd van dit werkstuk en erg nuttige informatie gevonden over studiefinanciering. Ook vond ik het interessant om te lezen over studiefinanciering in het buitenland omdat ik zelf ook in het buitenland stage moet gaan lopen, (6 maanden lang) ook vond ik het wel interessant om zelf over het stelsel na te denken over punten die ik zou willen veranderen. En een eigen stelsel te bedenken

суббота, 20 июля 2019 г.

Men Giving Birth? :: Biology Essays Research Papers

Men Giving Birth? A leading British fertility expert, Lord Winston, says it should be possible for a man to carry a baby to term and then deliver it by a Caesarean section. In Winston's view, modern medical technology will soon allow homosexual male couples to bear children, or allow a heterosexual male to carry a child if his wife is unable to for medical reasons. "Male pregnancy would certainly be possible and would be the same as when a woman has an ectopic pregnancy -- outside the uterus -- although to sustain it, you'd have to give the man lots of female hormones," Winston told the Times. He will outline the concept in his new book, The IVF Revolution. IVF stands for in vitro fertilization. Winston acknowledges that there could be a few problems with the technique. Among other things, the man could experience internal bleeding -- and he might grow breasts. "I don't think there would be a rush of people wanting to implement this technology," he said. (1) Presently, researchers are now busy perfecting a reliable birth-control drug for men. A five-year study, conducted by the ANZAC Research Institute in Sydney, involved 55 men using hormonal injections and implants as birth control. None of the men's partners conceived and there were no side effects compared to other trials, which have been terminated due to unforeseen problems. The contraceptive works by inhibiting sperm production through injections of progestin every three months. Since this hormone also reduces the sex drive, testosterone had to be implanted under the men's skin every four months to maintain their libido. After a 12-month period, participants would stop the treatment to recover their fertility. "This is the first time a reversible male contraceptive that will suppress sperm production reliably and reversibly has been fully tested by couples," Professor David Handelsman, the study's director, was quoted by Reuters as saying. Melissa Dear, a spokesperson for the Family Planning Association, told CNN that she thought it was unlikely that the final product would be marketed in the form of an injection. "It's too awkward a method," she said. "This study has brought the reality of the male contraceptive pill one step closer, but we need to look at combining both hormones in a tablet form." She added that although the Family Planning Association welcomed the news, she anticipated that it would be five to 10 years before a male contraceptive was available commercially.

пятница, 19 июля 2019 г.

The True Tragic Hero of Creon in Sophocles Antigone Essay -- Papers S

The True Tragic Hero of Creon in Sophocles' Antigone There has always been a great debate over who is the true tragic hero in Sophocles' Antigone. Many scholars would stake claim to Antigone possessing all the necessary characteristics of a true tragic hero, but many others would argue that Creon holds many qualities as well. It is hard to discount Antigone as a tragic hero, because in fact, the play bears her name, but from careful reading, Creon meets Aristotle's criteria exactly and fits perfectly into the role. In order to determine whether or not Creon is the true tragic hero, one must answer the question: 'What is a Tragic Hero?' In Aristotle's Poetics, he discusses the basic criteria regarding a tragic hero. Aristotle states that tragic heroes must have a 'high' status or social position; characters must not be perfect, although, the character is pre-eminently good; they must have a single flaw that brings about their own demise and that of the others around them. Aristotle also mentions another quality of a tragic hero , which is that the character arouses pity in the audience usually because the punishment exceeds the crime and the hero is alive to face his suffering in order to achieve some self-recognition. After reviewing all these critera, it should be clear that Creon is the true tragic hero. First, Aristotle suggests that a tragic hero must occupy a ?high? status position, but must also possess nobility and virtue as part of the hero's character. Creon fits this description quite accurately. At the beginning of the play; in the Time and Scene section, it says that, ?Creon, is now king of Thebes.? This quote shows that he occupies a strong status position and stature of nobility. Creon also pro... ...h ruler and should be punished in the same matter that he ruled. Creon made a choice, a choice he thought was the right one. It turned out that this choice warranted an unjustly punishment. Creon?s punishment exceeds the crime; is one who has excessive pride and arrogance, like many of us, to suffer a lonely and hated life? Should we pity him? Creon fits all of Aristotle?s criteria to perfection. He is a good king with a high stature, although he is not perfect in his actions. The excessive pride sets the stage for his major flaw. This pride leads to his downfall and that of his family. Creon reaches a period of recognition for his actions. Lastly, his punishment was overly harsh compared to his crime. According to Aristotle, Creon is a striking match to fit the role of a tragic hero. Works Cited: Sophocles. Antigone. Trans. D. W. Myatt. 1994.

The Rumba Dance Essay examples -- Afro-Cuban, Cuba

The rumba is a dance that rivets its image on the mind. Holding much history, it has been and is a dance of oppositions: love and hate, hostility and harmony, sensuality and prudence. Musically, it taps into the realms of technicality and improvisation. The dance and music is a marvel, leaving a lusty taste in its trail so that a natural tendency towards it never fades. The origins of the rumba stem from Africa. The steps and song of traditional rumba may have begun as remembered pieces of dance from the Ganga or Kisi people in Cuba, generalized groups of West Central African descent. Some prospect that the Sara peoples of northern Nigeria are the originators of rumba, a similar dance is of rows of boys in front of rows of girls, approaching one another in movement and then separating. In present-day Zaire, a traditional BaKongo dance called vane samba appears to directly link to rumba’s progenitors. A characteristic highlight occurs when the bodies of a dancing pair meet, or almost meet at the navel. This movement mirrors the rumba’s vacunao, a prominent feature in some forms of rumba. The name rumba possibly derives from the Spanish language, the word rumbo translates to route, rumba translates to heap pile, and rum is of course the liquor popular in the Caribbean. Any of these words might have been used descriptively when the dance was being formed. The name has most often been claimed to be derived from the Spanish word for carousel, or festival. Rumba developed in the 1850s and 1860s among free black slaves gathered to express their struggles with one another. Following the abolition of slavery in Cuba in 1886, poor Cubans dealt with a society still emphasizing color and class, by... ...national dance. As a native Afro-Cuban simply put, â€Å"This will never die. Nothing can stop it† (Farr 80). Works Cited Pà ©rez Jr., Louis A. On Becoming Cuban. Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press, 1999. Daniel, Yvonne. Rumba: Dance and Social Change in Contemporary Cuba. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1995. Farr, Jory. Rites of Rhythm. New York: HarperCollins Publishers, 2003. Shepherd, Verene A., and Hilary McD. Beckles., ed Caribbean slavery in the Atlantic world. Kingston, Jamaica: Ian Randle, Oxford: James Currey, Princeton, NJ: M. Weiner, 2000. Moore, Robin Dale. Nationalizing Blackness: Afrocubanismo and Artistic Revolution in Havana, 1920-1935. Diss. U of Texas at Austin, 1995. Ann Arbor: UMI, 1995. 9534899. Roy, Maya. Cuban Music. Trans. Denise Asfar and Gabriel Asfar. London: Latin America Bureau, 2002.

четверг, 18 июля 2019 г.

Product Features of Windows 2000

Have you ever wondered where Microsoft will go next with Windows, well now it is time for you to find out. Microsoft has almost completed Windows 2000, which will be the new era for software around the world. In the last year computers have grow dramatically, with the new Pentium II chip and processors with the speeds up to 450MHZ. Almost every family home in America today has at least one personal computer. Whether it is for business or pleasure, more and more people are realizing the significance of computers. I am going to unleash the information that will show you how Windows 2000 will work. Windows 2000 is an operating system that configures your hardware for you. With its structure based upon Windows 98 and NT, they have also introduced revolutionary interface enhancements. Power management for the latest desktop and notebook models. That has one interface for browsing local files, Intranets, and the Internet. A customizable console that lets you control computers, peripherals, users, security settings, from any desktop. Which can handle all the tasks of managing users, groups, shared peripherals, and security, it also allows you to do all this over worldwide networks. A new security system that will use smart cards and other physical keys to let you access the computer. The new Plug and Play will allow you to handle all your hardware chores from one central location without restarting your computer. And at the location you will also be able to inspect driver device settings, update drivers, or troubleshoot resource conflicts. I am sure that this will be extremely helpful to many people out in the computer world including myself. With this feature it will make looking for a program or installing one a breeze. The Internet has become one of the biggest things used in homes and companies. It allows people at home to go shopping, check the weather, buy stocks, and work without ever leaving the desk. Companies are using it to publicize and inform people about them and their products. They also use it internally to connect different floors together via e-mail. With new Internet settings you will be able to choose your Web-style views thus letting you control what comes up on the screen without you saying, â€Å"what the hell is that.† With current Window versions, there†s no way to find a file-using Explorer. Instead you having to open many confusing dialog boxes that would only confuse you even more. The new search page lets you find files without leaving an Explorer window. That way you can see where you went and how you got there. Today managing a network takes forever. Windows 2000 has an all-new management console that lets you snap together a custom set of management tools. That is right, that means no more wandering around in the control panel in search of the right utility. The Active Directory is the central store of information about authorized users and groups, printers, fax servers, and other objects. Earlier Windows versions scatter this information across the network making it harder for people to find it but the Active Directory brings it all together. This will allow personal and corporate computer users to get work done quicker and more suitable for what they are doing. Windows 2000 will include support for a smart card that will let only one person access certain files, which they have blocked off. Windows will decrypt your files only after you have provided both your smart card and private key. Removing the smart card from the slot locks the system and the only way back in is with the same smart card. This will be used in many corporate networks throughout the world to provide safety and security. In conclusion, the future of Windows will only be the gateway for new management systems. Later on we will have computers that we will just speak to us and will hold up a conversation to accomplish projects and make using the computer easier but until then Windows 2000 will be there for us.

среда, 17 июля 2019 г.

Roles Responsibilities And Relationships In Lifelong Learning Education Essay

This assignment aims to analyze my military volunteer ESOL Tutor hunt, duties and boundaries succeeding(a) with facets of legislative act law, locomote equality and diverseness in long acquisition. Review points of referral measure my duties in intercourse to other passkeys and explicate how to advance mien and move.Gravells writes that the function of a instructor is varied. off from eruditeness he or she may happen oneself tr aining, reding, preparation, measuring, mentoring, promoting and back uping savants as and when incumbent ( Gravells 2010, 8 ) and besides recommend instructors the knowledge rhythm activities including Identifying demands, Planning, Designing, Facilitating, Assessing, and Evaluating.Students, particularly grownups wo nt appreciate a hostile or nerve-racking surround they pass on go forth the household at the first java prisonbreak I will take vigilance to fix the acquisition environment safe, secure, perfumed and guaranting it is wort hy and accessible for all pupils, two physically and ruttishly, adhering to the Health and Safety at Work Act ( 1974 ) . To maintain their attending, I need to happen the chasten quietus between the function theoretical count and the authorization figure in a manner that they feel respected and so esteem me and puting land regulations helps everyone cognize their bounds ( Gravells 2008 ) . The instructor upraises to all scholars ethical and social values, irrelevant of their coloring material, sex gender, nationality or heathenish beginnings. When acquisition is the procedure whereby cognizance is created through the transmutation of experience ( David A. Kolb, 1984 ) , happy accomplishments are base on bear upon and including scholars to show their point of position, collaborate and spate thoughts.Why are they making this curriculum? What do they anticipate from it? What is their motive? As a individual matures the motive to memorise is internal ( Knowles 19 8412 ) .Some grownups will steel further surveies for a societal mantled and others as a personal or professional recrudescement. The construct of motive based on demands was developed in 1943 by Abraham Maslow. His theory defines that our endurance needs mustinessiness(prenominal) be satisfied first ( A.Maslow, 1943 ) . aft(prenominal) that we are motivated to make our gritty degrees of demands. In Maslow s hierarchy stand for as a pyramid are included five ends physiological demands, safeguard demands, love demands, esteem demands, and the demand for self-actualization. exploitation Maslow s theoretical account when learning we approach and study scholars demands. It is of import to tell the scholar s demands, so I fundament plan the class ( ESOL ) to bound the single differences as societal ( how the scholar can interact with others ) , physical ( how a scholar can entree larning retentivity cut down mobility ) , rational ( how a scholar addition new accomplish ments ) , cultural ( might impact values and beliefs ) , emotional ( ability to concentrate ) .Once the demands of the scholars bring forth been identified I would be aft(prenominal) and plan the ESOL class stuffs and resources which meet the demands and the demands of the scholars, incorporate a scope of relevant activities inside the length of clip allocated to each Sessionss. petty(prenominal) ( 2009 ) provinces, that scholar expect to be hardened reasonably with no favoritism shown to all pupils. As a instructor I adhere to the Equality Act 2010 delivering or facilitating Sessionss to advance equality through cellular inclusion of everyone, valuing diverseness utilizing distinction, avoid favoritism, and demo see to all my scholars, whilst moving as a function theoretical account at all times. I will quest for and actuate scholars, utilizing unfastened duologue to promote scholars to take part. I will be courageous and ambitious to make and develop wakeless programs, cle ar purposes and aims and all records and paperwork up to day of the month and filled firmly, following with Data Protection Act ( 1998 ) .I will measure scholars reasonably utilizing octuple appraisals steps as written trials, extemporary interview, category presentation, function drama, fill in the clean trial, multiple pick tests, watching and reexamine their advancement on an on-going footing, inclined them an accurate, concise feedback. This will assist me to fall out any single support required, to warranty scholars phylogeny throughout the class. Their advancement and accomplishments can be recorded utilizing a scholar ILP or on a portfolio. afterwards each session I would completeA a lesson rating ( study ) which includes strengths of the session and countries for development and betterments.As a instructor I make certain that all nip releases, lesson programs, presentations and any other authorship I use, is spellchecked as any spelling errors will reflect on the sch olars I understand that as a demand, I must guarantee to hold the cognition and attributes suited for the teaching place being adaptative, effectual communicator, resourceful, empathic, compromising, confident, originative, dedicated, enthusiastic, flexible, patient, organised, professional, receptive, respectful, responsible, antiphonal, trusty, supportive and the instructor s ain uninterrupted professional development ( CPD ) , ( Gravells 2010,8 ) .Teachers must move in a professional mode, understanding about learning and larning, belongings professional relationships adhere to the regulations, ordinance and statute law, codifications of pattern, respect pupil s right to decline to unwrap sensitive information and maintain scholar s personal information confidential. Other functions of a instructor are to intercede with external primitive structures, mentioning scholars for reding and non at last to advance way and regard. Our purpose is to handle another with regard, piec e of ground our duties, moving as a function theoretical account, working alongside with the constabulary, local anesthetic governments, and households to guarantee that good behavior and regard are promoted and everyone has the tools they need to stand against anti-social behavior.

вторник, 16 июля 2019 г.

Dupont Analysis Essay

Dupont Analysis Essay

A satisfactory return on assets might be divided through a high profit margin , or a rapid turnover of assets, or a combination of both. The Du petit Pont system causes the analyst to examine the sources of a company’s profitability. Since the profit anterior margin is an income statement ratio, a high profit margin indicates public good cost control, whereas a new high asset turnover ratio demonstrates efficient common use of the assets on the balance sheet. Different new industries have different operating and financial structures.Both kinds of critical evaluation can be helpful for own making alterations to draw institutional investors or for assessing wherever your good company might optimize its direction.Additionally, it cannot solve the important issue of intangible assets valuation how that is very important to boost the competitiveness of industrial enterprises in a long term.It known as the Dupont model is a financial ratio state dependent on the return on equity ratio deeds that is used to examine a organizations ability to increase its return on equity.

Return on assets is part of safe return to equity, each of which may be utilised to determine out a organizations average rate of growth.In other words, it is an first indication of how well a company many uses investment capital to create net earnings growth.It is a company that is going many places in the community.Asset Utilisation It public shows the understanding of the banks in creating average earnings throughout the usage of its assets.

Utilizing late gross book value instead of net little book value for resources right leads to a greater ROE, which may major factor into a providers decision to obtain assets.Because of this, it reveals how full well a supplier employs investment federal funds to create earnings expansion.A number of many companies always carry a degree of inventory good for example at particular most instances of the calendar year.Increase and it old has has been attempting to expand their production.